Add UPDATING entries and bump version.

Approved by: so
contrib/tzdata: import tzdata 2022a
2026-10-29 03:45:02 +01:00 · 2022-03-22 09:20:05 -07:00 · 2022-03-22 15:54:07 +00:00 · 2022-03-15 13:42:16 -04:00 · 2022-03-15 13:40:55 -04:00 · 2022-03-15 13:40:34 -04:00
1578 changed files with 81574 additions and 10234 deletions
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # $FreeBSD$

 freebsd_instance:
-  image: freebsd-12-1-release-amd64
+  image: freebsd-12-2-release-amd64
  cpu: 8
  memory: 24G

@@ -89,9 +89,11 @@ share/mk/*.test.mk	freebsd-testing,ngie (same list as share/mk too)	Pre-commit r
 stand/forth		dteske	Pre-commit review requested.
 stand/lua		kevans	Pre-commit review requested
 sys/compat/linuxkpi	hselasky	If in doubt, ask.
+sys/contrib/dev/ice	erj	Pre-commit phabricator review requested.
 sys/dev/e1000	erj	Pre-commit phabricator review requested.
 sys/dev/ixgbe	erj	Pre-commit phabricator review requested.
 sys/dev/ixl	erj	Pre-commit phabricator review requested.
+sys/dev/ice	erj	Pre-commit phabricator review requested.
 sys/dev/sound/usb	hselasky	If in doubt, ask.
 sys/dev/usb	hselasky	If in doubt, ask.
 sys/dev/xen	royger		Pre-commit review recommended.
@@ -849,7 +849,9 @@ INSTALL_DDIR=	${_INSTALL_DDIR:S://:/:g:C:/$::}
 METALOG?=	${DESTDIR}/${DISTDIR}/METALOG
 METALOG:=	${METALOG:C,//+,/,g}
 IMAKE+=		-DNO_ROOT METALOG=${METALOG}
-INSTALLFLAGS+=	-U -M ${METALOG} -D ${INSTALL_DDIR}
+METALOG_INSTALLFLAGS=	-U -M ${METALOG} -D ${INSTALL_DDIR}
+INSTALLFLAGS+=	${METALOG_INSTALLFLAGS}
+CERTCTLFLAGS=	${METALOG_INSTALLFLAGS}
 MTREEFLAGS+=	-W
 .endif
 .if defined(BUILD_PKGS)
@@ -859,6 +861,11 @@ INSTALLFLAGS+=	-h sha256
 IMAKE_INSTALL=	INSTALL="install ${INSTALLFLAGS}"
 IMAKE_MTREE=	MTREE_CMD="mtree ${MTREEFLAGS}"
 .endif
+.if make(distributeworld)
+CERTCTLDESTDIR=	${DESTDIR}/${DISTDIR}/base
+.else
+CERTCTLDESTDIR=	${DESTDIR}
+.endif

 DESTDIR_MTREEFLAGS=	-deU
 # When creating worldtmp we don't need to set the directories as owned by root
@@ -1419,6 +1426,14 @@ distributeworld installworld stageworld: _installcheck_world .PHONY
 	${DESTDIR}/${DISTDIR}/${dist}.debug.meta
 .endfor
 .endif
+.endif # make(distributeworld)
+.if !make(packageworld) && ${MK_CAROOT} != "no"
+	@if which openssl>/dev/null; then \
+		DESTDIR=${CERTCTLDESTDIR} \
+		    sh ${SRCTOP}/usr.sbin/certctl/certctl.sh ${CERTCTLFLAGS} rehash \
+	else \
+		echo "No openssl on the host, not rehashing certificates target -- /etc/ssl may not be populated."; \
+	fi
 .endif

 packageworld: .PHONY
@@ -16,6 +16,200 @@ from older versions of FreeBSD, try WITHOUT_CLANG and WITH_GCC to bootstrap to
 the tip of head, and then rebuild without this option. The bootstrap process
 from older version of current across the gcc/clang cutover is a bit fragile.

+20220322:	p15	FreeBSD-EN-22:14.tzdata
+
+	Timezone database information update. [EN-22:14.tzdata]
+
+20220315:	p14	FreeBSD-SA-22:02.wifi
+			FreeBSD-SA-22:03.openssl
+
+	Multiple WiFi issues [FreeBSD-SA-22:02.wifi]
+
+	OpenSSL certificate parsing infinite loop [FreeBSD-SA-22:03.openssl]
+
+20220201:	p13	FreeBSD-EN-22:08.i386
+
+	Fix regression in i386 TLB invalidation logic. [FreeBSD-EN-22:08.i386]
+
+20220111:	p12	FreeBSD-EN-22:02.xsave
+			FreeBSD-EN-22:03.hyperv
+			FreeBSD-EN-22:04.pcid
+			FreeBSD-SA-22:01.vt
+
+	Correct size of the amd64 SSE area in the xsave layout [FreeBSD-EN-22:02.xsave]
+
+	Prepopulate Hyper-V PCI device bars [FreeBSD-EN-22:03.hyperv]
+
+	Fix amd64 pmap PCID mode invalidations [FreeBSD-EN-22:04.pcid]
+
+	Fix vt console buffer overflow [FreeBSD-SA-22:01.vt]
+
+20211103:	p11	FreeBSD-EN-21:27.caroot
+			FreeBSD-EN-21:28.vmci
+			FreeBSD-EN-21:29.tzdata
+
+		Root certificate bundle update. [EN-21:27.caroot]
+
+		Fix kernel panic in vmci driver initialization. [EN-21:28.vmci]
+
+		Timezone database information update. [EN-21:29.tzdata]
+
+20210824:	p10	FreeBSD-EN-21:24.libcrypto
+			FreeBSD-EN-21:25.bhyve
+			FreeBSD-SA-21:13.bhyve
+			FreeBSD-SA-21:14.ggatec
+			FreeBSD-SA-21:15.libfetch
+			FreeBSD-SA-21:16.openssl
+			FreeBSD-SA-21:17.openssl
+
+		Fix OpenSSL 1.1.1e API functions not being exported. [EN-21:24.libcrypto]
+
+		Fix NVMe iovec construction for large IOs. [EN-21:25.bhyve]
+
+		Fix missing error handling in bhyve(8) device models. [SA-21:13.bhyve]
+
+		Fix remote code execution in ggatec(8). [SA-21:14.ggatec]
+
+		Fix libfetch out of bounds read. [SA-21:15.libfetch]
+
+		Fix multiple OpenSSL vulnerabilities. [SA-21:16.openssl]
+
+		Fix multiple vulnerabilities in OpenSSL. [SA-21:17.openssl]
+
+20210629:	p9	FreeBSD-EN-21:19.libcasper
+			FreeBSD-EN-21:22.linux_futex
+
+		libcasper assertion failures [EN-21:19.libcasper]
+
+		Linux compatibility layer futex(2) system call vulnerability [EN-21:22.linux_futex]
+
+20210601:	p8	FreeBSD-EN-21:17.libradius
+
+		Incorrect validation in rad_get_attr(3) [FreeBSD-EN-21:17.libradius]
+
+20210526:	p7	FreeBSD-EN-21:11.aesni
+			FreeBSD-EN-21:14.pms
+			FreeBSD-SA-21:11.smap
+			FreeBSD-SA-21:12.libradius
+
+		Race condition in aesni(4) encrypt-then-auth operations [FreeBSD-EN-21:11.aesni]
+
+		pms(4) data corruption [FreeBSD-EN-21:14.pms]
+
+		SMAP bypass [FreeBSD-SA-21:11.smap]
+
+		Missing message validation in libradius(3) [FreeBSD-SA-21:12.libradius]
+
+20210406:	p6	FreeBSD-EN-21:09.pf
+			FreeBSD-EN-21:10.lldb
+			FreeBSD-SA-21:08.vm
+			FreeBSD-SA-21:09.accept_filter
+			FreeBSD-SA-21:10.jail_mount
+
+		net.pf.request_maxcount not settable from loader.conf(5) [EN-21:09.pf]
+
+		lldb abort on print command [EN-21:10.lldb]
+
+		Memory disclosure by stale virtual memory mapping [SA-21:08.vm]
+
+		Double free in accept_filter(9) socket configuration interface [SA-21:09.accept_filter]
+
+		Jail escape possible by mounting over jail root [SA-21:10.jail_mount]
+
+20210325:	p5	FreeBSD-SA-21:07.openssl
+
+	Fix multiple OpenSSL issues [SA-21:07.openssl]
+
+20210223:	p4	FreeBSD-SA-21:03.pam_login_access
+			FreeBSD-SA-21:04.jail_remove
+			FreeBSD-SA-21:05.jail_chdir
+			FreeBSD-SA-21:06.xen
+			FreeBSD-EN-21:06.microcode
+			FreeBSD-EN-21:07.caroot
+			FreeBSD-EN-21:08.freebsd-update
+
+	login.access fails to apply rules [SA-21:03.pam_login_access]
+
+	jail_remove(2) fails to kill all jailed processes [SA-21:04.jail_remove]
+
+	jail_attach(2) relies on the caller to change the cwd [SA-21:05.jail_chdir]
+
+	Xen grant mapping error handling issues [SA-21:06.xen]
+
+	Boot-time microcode loading causes a boot hang [EN-21:06.microcode]
+
+	Root certificate bundle update [EN-21:07.caroot]
+
+	freebsd-update passwd regeneration [EN-21:08.freebsd-update]
+
+20210128:	p3	FreeBSD-EN-21:01.tzdata
+			FreeBSD-EN-21:03.vnet
+			FreeBSD-EN-21:04.zfs
+			FreeBSD-SA-21:01.fsdisclosure
+			FreeBSD-SA-21:02.xenoom
+
+       Update timezone database information [EN-21:01.tzdata]
+
+       Panic when destroying VNET and epair simultaneously [EN-21:03.vnet]
+
+       zfs recv fails to propagate snapshot deletion [EN-21:04.zfs]
+
+       Uninitialized file system kernel stack leaks [SA-21:01.fsdisclosure]
+
+       Xen guest-triggered out of memory [SA-21:02.xenoom]
+
+20201208:	p2	FreeBSD-SA-20:33.openssl
+
+        Fix OpenSSL NULL pointer de-reference. [SA-20:33.openssl]
+
+20201201:	p1	FreeBSD-EN-20:19.audit
+			FreeBSD-EN-20:20.tzdata
+			FreeBSD-EN-20:21.ipfw
+			FreeBSD-EN-20:22.callout
+			FreeBSD-SA-20:31.icmp6
+			FreeBSD-SA-20:32.rtsold
+
+        Fix execve/fexecve system call auditing. [EN-20:19.audit]
+
+        Update timezone database information. [EN-20:20.tzdata]
+
+        Fix uninitialized variable in ipfw. [EN-20:21.ipfw]
+
+        Fix race condition in callout CPU migration. [EN-20:22.callout]
+
+        Fix ICMPv6 use-after-free in error message handling. [SA-20:31.icmp6]
+
+        Fix multiple vulnerabilities in rtsold. [SA-20:32.rtsold]
+
+20201027:
+	12.2-RELEASE.
+
+20200915:	p1	FreeBSD-SA-20:27.ure
+			FreeBSD-SA-20:28.bhyve_vmcs
+			FreeBSD-SA-20:29.bhyve_svm
+			FreeBSD-SA-20:30.ftpd
+
+        Fix ure device driver susceptible to packet-in-packet attack.
+          [SA-20:27.ure]
+
+        Fix bhyve privilege escalation via VMCS access. [SA-20:28.bhyve_vmcs]
+
+        Fix bhyve SVM guest escape. [SA-20:29.bhyve_svm]
+
+        Fix ftpd privilege escalation via ftpchroot. [SA-20:30.ftpd]
+
+20200912:
+	The make.conf(5) MALLOC_PRODUCTION variable, used for disabling and
+	enabling assertions and statistics gathering in malloc(3), has been
+	migrated to a src.conf(5) WITH/WITHOUT_MALLOC_PRODUCTION option.
+
+	On stable branches, WITH_MALLOC_PRODUCTION is set by default, which
+	means that malloc(3) has assertions and statistics gathering disabled,
+	for improved performance.
+
+	For backwards compatibility, the make.conf(5) MALLOC_PRODUCTION is still
+	honored, but it is now deprecated and undocumented.
+
 20200909:
 	The resume code now notifies devd with the 'kernel' system
 	rather than the old 'kern' subsystem to be consistent with
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 .\"
 .\" $FreeBSD$
 .\"
-.Dd October 16, 2019
+.Dd September 12, 2020
 .Dt ZFS 8
 .Os
 .Sh NAME
@@ -635,6 +635,16 @@ property can be either
 .Cm yes
 or
 .Cm no .
+.It Sy objsetid
+A unique identifier for this dataset within the pool. Unlike the dataset's
+.Sy guid
+, the
+.Sy objsetid
+of a dataset is not transferred to other pools when the snapshot is copied
+with a send/receive operation.
+The
+.Sy objsetid
+can be reused (for a new datatset) after the dataset is deleted.
 .It Sy origin
 For cloned file systems or volumes, the snapshot from which the clone was
 created. See also the
@@ -687,6 +687,15 @@ will decrease while
 increases.
 .It Sy guid
 A unique identifier for the pool.
+.It Sy load_guid
+A unique identifier for the pool.
+Unlike the
+.Sy guid
+property, this identifier is generated every time we load the pool (e.g. does
+not persist across imports/exports) and never changes while the pool is loaded
+(even if a
+.Sy reguid
+operation takes place).
 .It Sy health
 The current health of the pool. Health can be
 .Qq Sy ONLINE ,
@@ -613,8 +613,8 @@ typedef struct send_data {
 	const char *fromsnap;
 	const char *tosnap;
 	boolean_t recursive;
-	boolean_t verbose;
 	boolean_t replicate;
+	boolean_t verbose;

 	/*
 	 * The header nvlist is of the following format:
@@ -848,36 +848,36 @@ send_iterate_fs(zfs_handle_t *zhp, void *arg)
 			rv = -1;
 			goto out;
 		}
-		VERIFY(0 == nvlist_add_uint64(nvfs, "origin",
-		    origin->zfs_dmustats.dds_guid));
+		fnvlist_add_uint64(nvfs, "origin",
+		    origin->zfs_dmustats.dds_guid);
 	}

 	/* iterate over props */
-	VERIFY(0 == nvlist_alloc(&nv, NV_UNIQUE_NAME, 0));
+	nv = fnvlist_alloc();
 	send_iterate_prop(zhp, nv);
-	VERIFY(0 == nvlist_add_nvlist(nvfs, "props", nv));
-	nvlist_free(nv);
+	fnvlist_add_nvlist(nvfs, "props", nv);
+	fnvlist_free(nv);

 	/* iterate over snaps, and set sd->parent_fromsnap_guid */
+	sd->parent_fromsnap_guid = 0;
+	sd->parent_snaps = fnvlist_alloc();
+	sd->snapprops = fnvlist_alloc();
 	if (!sd->replicate && fromsnap_txg != 0)
 		min_txg = fromsnap_txg;
 	if (!sd->replicate && tosnap_txg != 0)
 		max_txg = tosnap_txg;
-	sd->parent_fromsnap_guid = 0;
-	VERIFY(0 == nvlist_alloc(&sd->parent_snaps, NV_UNIQUE_NAME, 0));
-	VERIFY(0 == nvlist_alloc(&sd->snapprops, NV_UNIQUE_NAME, 0));
 	(void) zfs_iter_snapshots_sorted(zhp, send_iterate_snap, sd,
 	    min_txg, max_txg);
-	VERIFY(0 == nvlist_add_nvlist(nvfs, "snaps", sd->parent_snaps));
-	VERIFY(0 == nvlist_add_nvlist(nvfs, "snapprops", sd->snapprops));
+	fnvlist_add_nvlist(nvfs, "snaps", sd->parent_snaps);
+	fnvlist_add_nvlist(nvfs, "snapprops", sd->snapprops);
 	fnvlist_free(sd->parent_snaps);
 	fnvlist_free(sd->snapprops);

 	/* add this fs to nvlist */
 	(void) snprintf(guidstring, sizeof (guidstring),
 	    "0x%llx", (longlong_t)guid);
-	VERIFY(0 == nvlist_add_nvlist(sd->fss, guidstring, nvfs));
-	nvlist_free(nvfs);
+	fnvlist_add_nvlist(sd->fss, guidstring, nvfs);
+	fnvlist_free(nvfs);

 	/* iterate over children */
 	if (sd->recursive)
@@ -894,13 +894,12 @@ out:

 static int
 gather_nvlist(libzfs_handle_t *hdl, const char *fsname, const char *fromsnap,
-    const char *tosnap, boolean_t recursive, boolean_t verbose,
-    boolean_t replicate, nvlist_t **nvlp, avl_tree_t **avlp)
+    const char *tosnap, boolean_t recursive, boolean_t replicate,
+    boolean_t verbose, nvlist_t **nvlp, avl_tree_t **avlp)
 {
 	zfs_handle_t *zhp;
-	int error;
-	uint64_t min_txg = 0, max_txg = 0;
 	send_data_t sd = { 0 };
+	int error;

 	zhp = zfs_open(hdl, fsname, ZFS_TYPE_FILESYSTEM | ZFS_TYPE_VOLUME);
 	if (zhp == NULL)
@@ -911,8 +910,8 @@ gather_nvlist(libzfs_handle_t *hdl, const char *fsname, const char *fromsnap,
 	sd.fromsnap = fromsnap;
 	sd.tosnap = tosnap;
 	sd.recursive = recursive;
-	sd.verbose = verbose;
 	sd.replicate = replicate;
+	sd.verbose = verbose;

 	if ((error = send_iterate_fs(zhp, &sd)) != 0) {
 		nvlist_free(sd.fss);
@@ -1349,10 +1348,10 @@ static int
 dump_filesystem(zfs_handle_t *zhp, void *arg)
 {
 	int rv = 0;
-	uint64_t min_txg = 0, max_txg = 0;
 	send_dump_data_t *sdd = arg;
 	boolean_t missingfrom = B_FALSE;
 	zfs_cmd_t zc = { 0 };
+	uint64_t min_txg = 0, max_txg = 0;

 	(void) snprintf(zc.zc_name, sizeof (zc.zc_name), "%s@%s",
 	    zhp->zfs_name, sdd->tosnap);
@@ -1853,8 +1852,8 @@ zfs_send(zfs_handle_t *zhp, const char *fromsnap, const char *tosnap,
 			}

 			err = gather_nvlist(zhp->zfs_hdl, zhp->zfs_name,
-			    fromsnap, tosnap, flags->replicate, flags->verbose,
-			    flags->replicate, &fss, &fsavl);
+			    fromsnap, tosnap, flags->replicate,
+			    flags->replicate, flags->verbose, &fss, &fsavl);
 			if (err)
 				goto err_out;
 			VERIFY(0 == nvlist_add_nvlist(hdrnv, "fss", fss));
@@ -2497,7 +2496,7 @@ again:
 	VERIFY(0 == nvlist_alloc(&deleted, NV_UNIQUE_NAME, 0));

 	if ((error = gather_nvlist(hdl, tofs, fromsnap, NULL,
-	    recursive, B_FALSE, B_FALSE, &local_nv, &local_avl)) != 0)
+	    recursive, recursive, B_FALSE, &local_nv, &local_avl)) != 0)
 		return (error);

 	/*
@@ -3138,7 +3137,7 @@ zfs_receive_one(libzfs_handle_t *hdl, int infd, const char *tosnap,
 	char prop_errbuf[1024];
 	const char *chopprefix;
 	boolean_t newfs = B_FALSE;
-	boolean_t stream_wantsnewfs;
+	boolean_t stream_wantsnewfs, stream_resumingnewfs;
 	uint64_t parent_snapguid = 0;
 	prop_changelist_t *clp = NULL;
 	nvlist_t *snapprops_nvlist = NULL;
@@ -3302,6 +3301,8 @@ zfs_receive_one(libzfs_handle_t *hdl, int infd, const char *tosnap,
 	    DMU_BACKUP_FEATURE_RESUMING;
 	stream_wantsnewfs = (drrb->drr_fromguid == 0 ||
 	    (drrb->drr_flags & DRR_FLAG_CLONE) || originsnap) && !resuming;
+	stream_resumingnewfs = (drrb->drr_fromguid == 0 ||
+	    (drrb->drr_flags & DRR_FLAG_CLONE) || originsnap) && resuming;

 	if (stream_wantsnewfs) {
 		/*
@@ -3433,7 +3434,7 @@ zfs_receive_one(libzfs_handle_t *hdl, int infd, const char *tosnap,
 		}

 		if (!flags->dryrun && zhp->zfs_type == ZFS_TYPE_FILESYSTEM &&
-		    (stream_wantsnewfs || resuming)) {
+		    (stream_wantsnewfs || stream_resumingnewfs)) {
 			/* We can't do online recv in this case */
 			clp = changelist_gather(zhp, ZFS_PROP_NAME, 0, 0);
 			if (clp == NULL) {
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ index 1e12fd3a..c42a7e10 100644
 +    <option>--with-malloc-conf=abort_conf:false</option>.
 +    Additionally, <option>--enable-debug</option> is enabled in development
 +    versions of FreeBSD (controlled by the
-+    <constant>MALLOC_PRODUCTION</constant> make variable).</para>
+    <constant>MK_MALLOC_PRODUCTION</constant> make variable).</para>
 +
   </refsect1>
   <refsynopsisdiv>
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ The following configuration options are enabled in libc\*(Aqs built\-in jemalloc
 \fB\-\-with\-malloc\-conf=abort_conf:false\fR\&. Additionally,
 \fB\-\-enable\-debug\fR
 is enabled in development versions of FreeBSD (controlled by the
-\fBMALLOC_PRODUCTION\fR
+\fBMK_MALLOC_PRODUCTION\fR
 make variable)\&.
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
 .sp
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 #undef JEMALLOC_OVERRIDE_VALLOC

 #ifndef MALLOC_PRODUCTION
-#define	MALLOC_PRODUCTION
+#define	JEMALLOC_DEBUG
 #endif

 #undef JEMALLOC_DSS
@@ -124,8 +124,8 @@ static __inline Lock *lock_for_pointer(void *ptr) {
 #define IS_LOCK_FREE_2 __c11_atomic_is_lock_free(2)
 #define IS_LOCK_FREE_4 __c11_atomic_is_lock_free(4)

-/// 32 bit PowerPC doesn't support 8-byte lock_free atomics
-#if !defined(__powerpc64__) && defined(__powerpc__)
+/// 32 bit MIPS and PowerPC don't support 8-byte lock_free atomics
+#if defined(__mips__) || (!defined(__powerpc64__) && defined(__powerpc__))
 #define IS_LOCK_FREE_8 0
 #else
 #define IS_LOCK_FREE_8 __c11_atomic_is_lock_free(8)
@@ -2412,21 +2412,13 @@ lldb::addr_t Target::GetPersistentSymbol(ConstString name) {

 llvm::Expected<lldb_private::Address> Target::GetEntryPointAddress() {
  Module *exe_module = GetExecutableModulePointer();
-  llvm::Error error = llvm::Error::success();
-  assert(!error); // Check the success value when assertions are enabled.

-  if (!exe_module || !exe_module->GetObjectFile()) {
-    error = llvm::make_error<llvm::StringError>("No primary executable found",
-                                                llvm::inconvertibleErrorCode());
-  } else {
+  // Try to find the entry point address in the primary executable.
+  const bool has_primary_executable = exe_module && exe_module->GetObjectFile();
+  if (has_primary_executable) {
    Address entry_addr = exe_module->GetObjectFile()->GetEntryPointAddress();
    if (entry_addr.IsValid())
      return entry_addr;
-
-    error = llvm::make_error<llvm::StringError>(
-        "Could not find entry point address for executable module \"" +
-            exe_module->GetFileSpec().GetFilename().GetStringRef() + "\"",
-        llvm::inconvertibleErrorCode());
  }

  const ModuleList &modules = GetImages();
@@ -2437,14 +2429,21 @@ llvm::Expected<lldb_private::Address> Target::GetEntryPointAddress() {
      continue;

    Address entry_addr = module_sp->GetObjectFile()->GetEntryPointAddress();
-    if (entry_addr.IsValid()) {
-      // Discard the error.
-      llvm::consumeError(std::move(error));
+    if (entry_addr.IsValid())
      return entry_addr;
-    }
  }

-  return std::move(error);
+  // We haven't found the entry point address. Return an appropriate error.
+  if (!has_primary_executable)
+    return llvm::make_error<llvm::StringError>(
+        "No primary executable found and could not find entry point address in "
+        "any executable module",
+        llvm::inconvertibleErrorCode());
+
+  return llvm::make_error<llvm::StringError>(
+      "Could not find entry point address for primary executable module \"" +
+          exe_module->GetFileSpec().GetFilename().GetStringRef() + "\"",
+      llvm::inconvertibleErrorCode());
 }

 lldb::addr_t Target::GetCallableLoadAddress(lldb::addr_t load_addr,
@@ -1,50 +1,58 @@
-Contributing to the tz code and data
+# Contributing to the tz code and data
+
+Please do not create issues or pull requests on GitHub, as the
+proper procedure for proposing and distributing patches is via
+email as described below.

 The time zone database is by no means authoritative: governments
 change timekeeping rules erratically and sometimes with little
 warning, the data entries do not cover all of civil time before
 1970, and undoubtedly errors remain in the code and data.  Feel
 free to fill gaps or fix mistakes, and please email improvements
-to [email protected] for use in the future.  In your email, please give
+to <[email protected]> for use in the future.  In your email, please give
 reliable sources that reviewers can check.

-----
-
-Developers can contribute technical changes to the source code and
-data as follows.
+## Contributing technical changes

 To email small changes, please run a POSIX shell command like
 'diff -u old/europe new/europe >myfix.patch', and attach
-myfix.patch to the email.
+'myfix.patch' to the email.

 For more-elaborate or possibly-controversial changes,
 such as renaming, adding or removing zones, please read
-<https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/theory.html> or the file
-theory.html.  It is also good to browse the mailing list archives
+"Theory and pragmatics of the tz code and data"
+<https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/theory.html>.
+It is also good to browse the mailing list archives
 <https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/> for examples of patches that tend
 to work well.  Additions to data should contain commentary citing
-reliable sources as justification.  Citations should use https: URLs
+reliable sources as justification.  Citations should use "https:" URLs
 if available.

-Please submit changes against either the latest release in
-<https://www.iana.org/time-zones> or the master branch of the development
-repository.  The latter is preferred.  If you use Git the following
-workflow may be helpful:
+For changes that fix sensitive security-related bugs, please see the
+distribution's 'SECURITY' file.
+
+Please submit changes against either the latest release
+<https://www.iana.org/time-zones> or the main branch of the development
+repository.  The latter is preferred.
+
+## Sample Git workflow for developing contributions
+
+If you use Git the following workflow may be helpful:

  * Copy the development repository.

-      git clone https://github.com/eggert/tz.git
-      cd tz
+        git clone https://github.com/eggert/tz.git
+        cd tz

-  * Get current with the master branch.
+  * Get current with the main branch.

-      git checkout master
-      git pull
+        git checkout main
+        git pull

  * Switch to a new branch for the changes.  Choose a different
    branch name for each change set.

-      git checkout -b mybranch
+        git checkout -b mybranch

  * Sleuth by using 'git blame'.  For example, when fixing data for
    Africa/Sao_Tome, if the command 'git blame africa' outputs a line
@@ -57,36 +65,33 @@ workflow may be helpful:

  * Debug the changes, e.g.:

-      make check
-      make install
-      ./zdump -v America/Los_Angeles
+        make check
+        make install
+        ./zdump -v America/Los_Angeles

  * For each separable change, commit it in the new branch, e.g.:

-      git add northamerica
-      git commit
+        git add northamerica
+        git commit

    See recent 'git log' output for the commit-message style.

-  * Create patch files 0001-*, 0002-*, ...
+  * Create patch files 0001-..., 0002-..., ...

-      git format-patch master
+        git format-patch main

-  * After reviewing the patch files, send the patches to [email protected]
+  * After reviewing the patch files, send the patches to <[email protected]>
    for others to review.

-      git send-email master
+        git send-email main

    For an archived example of such an email, see
+    "[PROPOSED] Fix off-by-1 error for Jamaica and T&C before 1913"
    <https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-February/026122.html>.

-  * Start anew by getting current with the master branch again
+  * Start anew by getting current with the main branch again
    (the second step above).

-Please do not create issues or pull requests on GitHub, as the
-proper procedure for proposing and distributing patches is via
-email as illustrated above.
-
 -----

 This file is in the public domain.
@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ BUGEMAIL=	[email protected]
 #	DATAFORM=	main
 # To wait even longer for new features, use:
 #	DATAFORM=	rearguard
+# Rearguard users might also want "ZFLAGS = -b fat"; see below.
 DATAFORM=		main

 # Change the line below for your timezone (after finding the one you want in
 # one of the $(TDATA) source files, or adding it to a source file).
 # Alternatively, if you discover you've got the wrong timezone, you can just
-#	zic -l rightzone
-# to correct things.
+# 'zic -l -' to remove it, or 'zic -l rightzone' to change it.
 # Use the command
 #	make zonenames
 # to get a list of the values you can use for LOCALTIME.
@@ -37,33 +37,30 @@ LOCALTIME=	GMT

 # The POSIXRULES macro controls interpretation of nonstandard and obsolete
 # POSIX-like TZ settings like TZ='EET-2EEST' that lack DST transition rules.
-# In the reference implementation, if you want something other than Eastern
-# United States time as a template for handling these settings, you can
-# change the line below (after finding the timezone you want in the
+# Such a setting uses the rules in a template file to determine
+# "spring forward" and "fall back" days and times; the environment
+# variable itself specifies UT offsets of standard and daylight saving time.
+#
+# If POSIXRULES is '-', no template is installed; this is the default.
+#
+# Any other value for POSIXRULES is obsolete and should not be relied on, as:
+# * It does not work correctly in popular implementations such as GNU/Linux.
+# * It does not work even in tzcode, except for historical timestamps
+#   that precede the last explicit transition in the POSIXRULES file.
+#   Hence it typically does not work for current and future timestamps.
+# In short, software should avoid ruleless settings like TZ='EET-2EEST'
+# and so should not depend on the value of POSIXRULES.
+#
+# If, despite the above, you want a template for handling these settings,
+# you can change the line below (after finding the timezone you want in the
 # one of the $(TDATA) source files, or adding it to a source file).
-# A setting like TZ='EET-2EEST' is supposed to use the rules in the
-# template file to determine "spring forward" and "fall back" days and
-# times; the environment variable itself specifies UT offsets of standard and
-# daylight saving time.
 # Alternatively, if you discover you've got the wrong timezone, you can just
-#	zic -p rightzone
-# to correct things.
+# 'zic -p -' to remove it, or 'zic -p rightzone' to change it.
 # Use the command
 #	make zonenames
 # to get a list of the values you can use for POSIXRULES.
-#
-# If POSIXRULES is empty, no template is installed; this is the intended
-# future default for POSIXRULES.
-#
-# Nonempty POSIXRULES is obsolete and should not be relied on, because:
-# * It does not work correctly in popular implementations such as GNU/Linux.
-# * It does not work in the tzdb implementation for timestamps after 2037.
-# * It is incompatible with 'zic -b slim' if POSIXRULES specifies transitions
-#   at standard time or UT rather than at local time.
-# In short, software should avoid ruleless settings like TZ='EET-2EEST'
-# and so should not depend on the value of POSIXRULES.

-POSIXRULES=	America/New_York
+POSIXRULES=	-

 # Also see TZDEFRULESTRING below, which takes effect only
 # if the time zone files cannot be accessed.
@@ -125,8 +122,8 @@ LIBDIR = $(TOPDIR)/$(USRDIR)/lib

 # Types to try, as an alternative to time_t.
 TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES = $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_HEAD) $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_TAIL)
-TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_HEAD = int64_t
-TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_TAIL = int32_t uint32_t uint64_t
+TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_HEAD = int_least64_t
+TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_TAIL = int_least32_t uint_least32_t uint_least64_t

 # What kind of TZif data files to generate.  (TZif is the binary time
 # zone data format that zic generates; see Internet RFC 8536.)
@@ -155,8 +152,10 @@ REDO=		posix_right
 # The EXPIRES_LINE value matters only if REDO's value contains "right".
 # If you change EXPIRES_LINE, remove the leapseconds file before running "make".
 # zic's support for the Expires line was introduced in tzdb 2020a,
-# and EXPIRES_LINE defaults to 0 for now so that the leapseconds file
-# can be given to older zic implementations.
+# and was modified in tzdb 2021b to generate version 4 TZif files.
+# EXPIRES_LINE defaults to 0 for now so that the leapseconds file
+# can be given to pre-2020a zic implementations and so that TZif files
+# built by newer zic implementations can be read by pre-2021b libraries.
 EXPIRES_LINE=	0

 # To install data in text form that has all the information of the TZif data,
@@ -172,9 +171,6 @@ TZDATA_TEXT=	leapseconds tzdata.zi

 # For backward-compatibility links for old zone names, use
 #	BACKWARD=	backward
-# If you also want the link US/Pacific-New, even though it is confusing
-# and is planned to be removed from the database eventually, use
-#	BACKWARD=	backward pacificnew
 # To omit these links, use
 #	BACKWARD=

@@ -192,10 +188,6 @@ PACKRATDATA=

 UTF8_LOCALE=	en_US.utf8

-# Since "." may not be in PATH...
-
-YEARISTYPE=	./yearistype
-
 # Non-default libraries needed to link.
 LDLIBS=

@@ -220,6 +212,7 @@ LDLIBS=
 #  -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_R=0 if your system lacks a localtime_r function
 #  -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ=0 if you do not want zdump to use localtime_rz
 #	localtime_rz can make zdump significantly faster, but is nonstandard.
+#  -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 if malloc etc. do not set errno on failure.
 #  -DHAVE_POSIX_DECLS=0 if your system's include files do not declare
 #	functions like 'link' or variables like 'tzname' required by POSIX
 #  -DHAVE_SNPRINTF=0 if your system lacks the snprintf function
@@ -230,7 +223,6 @@ LDLIBS=
 #  -DHAVE_STRTOLL=0 if your system lacks the strtoll function
 #  -DHAVE_SYMLINK=0 if your system lacks the symlink function
 #  -DHAVE_SYS_STAT_H=0 if your compiler lacks a <sys/stat.h>
-#  -DHAVE_SYS_WAIT_H=0 if your compiler lacks a <sys/wait.h>
 #  -DHAVE_TZSET=0 if your system lacks a tzset function
 #  -DHAVE_UNISTD_H=0 if your compiler lacks a <unistd.h>
 #  -Dlocale_t=XXX if your system uses XXX instead of locale_t
@@ -253,13 +245,12 @@ LDLIBS=
 #	other than simply getting garbage data
 #  -DUSE_LTZ=0 to build zdump with the system time zone library
 #	Also set TZDOBJS=zdump.o and CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES= below.
-#  -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"slim\" to default zic's -b option to "slim", and
-#	similarly for "fat".  Fat TZif files work around incompatibilities
+#  -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"fat\" to default zic's -b option to "fat", and
+#	similarly for "slim".  Fat TZif files work around incompatibilities
 #	and bugs in some TZif readers, notably readers that mishandle 64-bit
 #	data in TZif files.  Slim TZif files are more efficient and do not
 #	work around these incompatibilities and bugs.  If not given, the
-#	current default is "fat" but this is intended to change as readers
-#	requiring fat files often mishandle timestamps after 2037 anyway.
+#	default is "slim".
 #  -DZIC_MAX_ABBR_LEN_WO_WARN=3
 #	(or some other number) to set the maximum time zone abbreviation length
 #	that zic will accept without a warning (the default is 6)
@@ -268,22 +259,26 @@ LDLIBS=
 GCC_INSTRUMENT = \
  -fsanitize=undefined -fsanitize-address-use-after-scope \
  -fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error -fstack-protector
+# Omit -fanalyzer from GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS, as it makes GCC too slow.
 GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS = -DGCC_LINT -g3 -O3 -fno-common \
  $(GCC_INSTRUMENT) \
  -Wall -Wextra \
  -Walloc-size-larger-than=100000 -Warray-bounds=2 \
  -Wbad-function-cast -Wcast-align=strict -Wdate-time \
  -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wdouble-promotion \
+  -Wduplicated-branches -Wduplicated-cond \
  -Wformat=2 -Wformat-overflow=2 -Wformat-signedness -Wformat-truncation \
-  -Winit-self -Wjump-misses-init -Wlogical-op \
+  -Winit-self -Wlogical-op \
  -Wmissing-declarations -Wmissing-prototypes -Wnested-externs \
+  -Wnull-dereference \
  -Wold-style-definition -Woverlength-strings -Wpointer-arith \
-  -Wshadow -Wshift-overflow=2 -Wstrict-prototypes -Wstringop-overflow=4 \
+  -Wshadow -Wshift-overflow=2 -Wstrict-overflow \
+  -Wstrict-prototypes -Wstringop-overflow=4 \
  -Wstringop-truncation -Wsuggest-attribute=cold \
  -Wsuggest-attribute=const -Wsuggest-attribute=format \
  -Wsuggest-attribute=malloc \
  -Wsuggest-attribute=noreturn -Wsuggest-attribute=pure \
-  -Wtrampolines -Wundef -Wuninitialized -Wunused \
+  -Wtrampolines -Wundef -Wuninitialized -Wunused-macros \
  -Wvariadic-macros -Wvla -Wwrite-strings \
  -Wno-address -Wno-format-nonliteral -Wno-sign-compare \
  -Wno-type-limits -Wno-unused-parameter
@@ -333,9 +328,8 @@ GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS = -DGCC_LINT -g3 -O3 -fno-common \
 # add
 #	-DSTD_INSPIRED
 # to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line.  This arranges for the functions
-# "tzsetwall", "offtime", "timelocal", "timegm", "timeoff",
+# "offtime", "timelocal", "timegm", "timeoff",
 # "posix2time", and "time2posix" to be added to the time conversion library.
-# "tzsetwall" is deprecated and is intended to be removed soon; see NEWS.
 # "offtime" is like "gmtime" except that it accepts a second (long) argument
 # that gives an offset to add to the time_t when converting it.
 # "timelocal" is equivalent to "mktime".
@@ -395,7 +389,7 @@ ZIC=		$(zic) $(ZFLAGS)

 # To shrink the size of installed TZif files,
 # append "-r @N" to omit data before N-seconds-after-the-Epoch.
-# You can also append "-b slim" if that is not already the default;
+# To grow the files and work around older application bugs, append "-b fat";
 # see ZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT above.
 # See the zic man page for more about -b and -r.
 ZFLAGS=
@@ -405,9 +399,10 @@ ZFLAGS=
 ZIC_INSTALL=	$(ZIC) -d '$(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)' $(LEAPSECONDS)

 # The name of a Posix-compliant 'awk' on your system.
-# Older 'mawk' versions, such as the 'mawk' in Ubuntu 16.04, might dump core;
-# on Ubuntu you can work around this with
-#	AWK=		gawk
+# mawk 1.3.3 and Solaris 10 /usr/bin/awk do not work.
+# Also, it is better (though not essential) if 'awk' supports UTF-8,
+# and unfortunately mawk and busybox awk do not support UTF-8.
+# Try AWK=gawk or AWK=nawk if your awk has the abovementioned problems.
 AWK=		awk

 # The full path name of a Posix-compliant shell, preferably one that supports
@@ -424,26 +419,6 @@ CURL=		curl
 # Name of GNU Privacy Guard <https://gnupg.org/>, used to sign distributions.
 GPG=		gpg

-# The path where SGML DTDs are kept and the catalog file(s) to use when
-# validating HTML 4.01.  The default should work on both Debian and Red Hat.
-SGML_TOPDIR= /usr
-SGML_DTDDIR= $(SGML_TOPDIR)/share/xml/w3c-sgml-lib/schema/dtd
-SGML_SEARCH_PATH= $(SGML_DTDDIR)/REC-html401-19991224
-SGML_CATALOG_FILES= \
-  $(SGML_TOPDIR)/share/doc/w3-recs/html/www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/HTML4.cat:$(SGML_TOPDIR)/share/sgml/html/4.01/HTML4.cat
-
-# The name, arguments and environment of a program to validate HTML 4.01.
-# See <http://openjade.sourceforge.net/doc/> for a validator, and
-# <https://validator.w3.org/source/> for a validation library.
-# Set VALIDATE=':' if you do not have such a program.
-VALIDATE = nsgmls
-VALIDATE_FLAGS = -s -B -wall -wno-unused-param
-VALIDATE_ENV = \
-  SGML_CATALOG_FILES='$(SGML_CATALOG_FILES)' \
-  SGML_SEARCH_PATH='$(SGML_SEARCH_PATH)' \
-  SP_CHARSET_FIXED=YES \
-  SP_ENCODING=UTF-8
-
 # This expensive test requires USE_LTZ.
 # To suppress it, define this macro to be empty.
 CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES = check_time_t_alternatives
@@ -492,7 +467,9 @@ OK_LINE=	'^'$(OK_CHAR)'*$$'

 # Flags to give 'tar' when making a distribution.
 # Try to use flags appropriate for GNU tar.
-GNUTARFLAGS= --numeric-owner --owner=0 --group=0 --mode=go+u,go-w --sort=name
+GNUTARFLAGS= --format=pax --pax-option='delete=atime,delete=ctime' \
+  --numeric-owner --owner=0 --group=0 \
+  --mode=go+u,go-w --sort=name
 TARFLAGS=	`if tar $(GNUTARFLAGS) --version >/dev/null 2>&1; \
 		 then echo $(GNUTARFLAGS); \
 		 else :; \
@@ -530,7 +507,7 @@ MANTXTS=	newctime.3.txt newstrftime.3.txt newtzset.3.txt \
 			tzfile.5.txt tzselect.8.txt zic.8.txt zdump.8.txt \
 			date.1.txt
 COMMON=		calendars CONTRIBUTING LICENSE Makefile \
-			NEWS README theory.html version
+			NEWS README SECURITY theory.html version
 WEB_PAGES=	tz-art.html tz-how-to.html tz-link.html
 CHECK_WEB_PAGES=check_theory.html check_tz-art.html \
 			check_tz-how-to.html check_tz-link.html
@@ -538,8 +515,8 @@ DOCS=		$(MANS) date.1 $(MANTXTS) $(WEB_PAGES)
 PRIMARY_YDATA=	africa antarctica asia australasia \
 		europe northamerica southamerica
 YDATA=		$(PRIMARY_YDATA) etcetera
-NDATA=		systemv factory
-TDATA_TO_CHECK=	$(YDATA) $(NDATA) backward pacificnew
+NDATA=		factory
+TDATA_TO_CHECK=	$(YDATA) $(NDATA) backward
 TDATA=		$(YDATA) $(NDATA) $(BACKWARD)
 ZONETABLES=	zone1970.tab zone.tab
 TABDATA=	iso3166.tab $(TZDATA_TEXT) $(ZONETABLES)
@@ -547,7 +524,7 @@ LEAP_DEPS=	leapseconds.awk leap-seconds.list
 TZDATA_ZI_DEPS=	ziguard.awk zishrink.awk version $(TDATA) $(PACKRATDATA)
 DSTDATA_ZI_DEPS= ziguard.awk $(TDATA) $(PACKRATDATA)
 DATA=		$(TDATA_TO_CHECK) backzone iso3166.tab leap-seconds.list \
-			leapseconds yearistype.sh $(ZONETABLES)
+			leapseconds $(ZONETABLES)
 AWK_SCRIPTS=	checklinks.awk checktab.awk leapseconds.awk \
 			ziguard.awk zishrink.awk
 MISC=		$(AWK_SCRIPTS) zoneinfo2tdf.pl
@@ -555,7 +532,7 @@ TZS_YEAR=	2050
 TZS_CUTOFF_FLAG=	-c $(TZS_YEAR)
 TZS=		to$(TZS_YEAR).tzs
 TZS_NEW=	to$(TZS_YEAR)new.tzs
-TZS_DEPS=	$(PRIMARY_YDATA) asctime.c localtime.c \
+TZS_DEPS=	$(YDATA) asctime.c localtime.c \
 			private.h tzfile.h zdump.c zic.c
 # EIGHT_YARDS is just a yard short of the whole ENCHILADA.
 EIGHT_YARDS = $(COMMON) $(DOCS) $(SOURCES) $(DATA) $(MISC) tzdata.zi
@@ -565,7 +542,7 @@ ENCHILADA = $(EIGHT_YARDS) $(TZS)
 # This list is not the same as the output of 'git ls-files', since
 # .gitignore is not distributed.
 VERSION_DEPS= \
-		calendars CONTRIBUTING LICENSE Makefile NEWS README \
+		calendars CONTRIBUTING LICENSE Makefile NEWS README SECURITY \
 		africa antarctica asctime.c asia australasia \
 		backward backzone \
 		checklinks.awk checktab.awk \
@@ -573,12 +550,10 @@ VERSION_DEPS= \
 		etcetera europe factory iso3166.tab \
 		leap-seconds.list leapseconds.awk localtime.c \
 		newctime.3 newstrftime.3 newtzset.3 northamerica \
-		pacificnew private.h \
-		southamerica strftime.c systemv theory.html \
+		private.h southamerica strftime.c theory.html \
 		time2posix.3 tz-art.html tz-how-to.html tz-link.html \
 		tzfile.5 tzfile.h tzselect.8 tzselect.ksh \
-		workman.sh yearistype.sh \
-		zdump.8 zdump.c zic.8 zic.c \
+		workman.sh zdump.8 zdump.c zic.8 zic.c \
 		ziguard.awk zishrink.awk \
 		zone.tab zone1970.tab zoneinfo2tdf.pl

@@ -587,7 +562,7 @@ VERSION_DEPS= \

 SHELL=		/bin/sh

-all:		tzselect yearistype zic zdump libtz.a $(TABDATA) \
+all:		tzselect zic zdump libtz.a $(TABDATA) \
 		  vanguard.zi main.zi rearguard.zi

 ALL:		all date $(ENCHILADA)
@@ -617,11 +592,19 @@ INSTALL:	ALL install date.1
 		cp date '$(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)/.'
 		cp -f date.1 '$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man1/.'

+# Calculate version number from git, if available.
+# Otherwise, use $(VERSION) unless it is "unknown" and there is already
+# a 'version' file, in which case reuse the existing 'version' contents
+# and append "-dirty" if the contents do not already end in "-dirty".
 version:	$(VERSION_DEPS)
 		{ (type git) >/dev/null 2>&1 && \
 		  V=`git describe --match '[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][a-z]*' \
 				--abbrev=7 --dirty` || \
-		  V='$(VERSION)'; } && \
+		  if test '$(VERSION)' = unknown && V=`cat $@`; then \
+		    case $$V in *-dirty);; *) V=$$V-dirty;; esac; \
+		  else \
+		    V='$(VERSION)'; \
+		  fi; } && \
 		printf '%s\n' "$$V" >$@.out
 		mv $@.out $@

@@ -657,10 +640,6 @@ zdump:		$(TZDOBJS)
 zic:		$(TZCOBJS)
 		$(CC) -o $@ $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(TZCOBJS) $(LDLIBS)

-yearistype:	yearistype.sh
-		cp yearistype.sh yearistype
-		chmod +x yearistype
-
 leapseconds:	$(LEAP_DEPS)
 		$(AWK) -v EXPIRES_LINE=$(EXPIRES_LINE) \
 		  -f leapseconds.awk leap-seconds.list >$@.out
@@ -675,10 +654,9 @@ INSTALLARGS = \
 PACKRATDATA='$(PACKRATDATA)' \
 TZDEFAULT='$(TZDEFAULT)' \
 TZDIR='$(TZDIR)' \
- YEARISTYPE='$(YEARISTYPE)' \
 ZIC='$(ZIC)'

-INSTALL_DATA_DEPS = zic leapseconds yearistype tzdata.zi
+INSTALL_DATA_DEPS = zic leapseconds tzdata.zi

 # 'make install_data' installs one set of TZif files.
 install_data: $(INSTALL_DATA_DEPS)
@@ -767,7 +745,7 @@ date:		$(DATEOBJS)
 tzselect:	tzselect.ksh version
 		VERSION=`cat version` && sed \
 			-e 's|#!/bin/bash|#!$(KSHELL)|g' \
-			-e 's|AWK=[^}]*|AWK=$(AWK)|g' \
+			-e 's|AWK=[^}]*|AWK='\''$(AWK)'\''|g' \
 			-e 's|\(PKGVERSION\)=.*|\1='\''($(PACKAGE)) '\''|' \
 			-e 's|\(REPORT_BUGS_TO\)=.*|\1=$(BUGEMAIL)|' \
 			-e 's|TZDIR=[^}]*|TZDIR=$(TZDIR)|' \
@@ -788,12 +766,12 @@ check_character_set: $(ENCHILADA)
 		sharp='#' && \
 		! grep -Env $(SAFE_LINE) $(MANS) date.1 $(MANTXTS) \
 			$(MISC) $(SOURCES) $(WEB_PAGES) \
-			CONTRIBUTING LICENSE README \
+			CONTRIBUTING LICENSE README SECURITY \
 			version tzdata.zi && \
 		! grep -Env $(SAFE_LINE)'|^UNUSUAL_OK_'$(OK_CHAR)'*$$' \
 			Makefile && \
 		! grep -Env $(SAFE_SHARP_LINE) $(TDATA_TO_CHECK) backzone \
-			leapseconds yearistype.sh zone.tab && \
+			leapseconds zone.tab && \
 		! grep -Env $(OK_LINE) $(ENCHILADA); \
 	}
 	touch $@
@@ -827,9 +805,10 @@ check_links:	checklinks.awk $(TDATA_TO_CHECK) tzdata.zi
 		$(AWK) -f checklinks.awk tzdata.zi
 		touch $@

-check_tables:	checktab.awk $(PRIMARY_YDATA) $(ZONETABLES)
+check_tables:	checktab.awk $(YDATA) backward $(ZONETABLES)
 		for tab in $(ZONETABLES); do \
-		  $(AWK) -f checktab.awk -v zone_table=$$tab $(PRIMARY_YDATA) \
+		  test "$$tab" = zone.tab && links='$(BACKWARD)' || links=''; \
+		  $(AWK) -f checktab.awk -v zone_table=$$tab $(YDATA) $$links \
 		    || exit; \
 		done
 		touch $@
@@ -845,15 +824,13 @@ check_tzs:	$(TZS) $(TZS_NEW)
 check_web:	$(CHECK_WEB_PAGES)
 check_theory.html: theory.html
 check_tz-art.html: tz-art.html
+check_tz-how-to.html: tz-how-to.html
 check_tz-link.html: tz-link.html
-check_theory.html check_tz-art.html check_tz-link.html:
+check_theory.html check_tz-art.html check_tz-how-to.html check_tz-link.html:
 		$(CURL) -sS --url https://validator.w3.org/nu/ -F out=gnu \
 		    -F file=@$$(expr $@ : 'check_\(.*\)') -o $@.out && \
 		  test ! -s $@.out || { cat $@.out; exit 1; }
 		mv $@.out $@
-check_tz-how-to.html: tz-how-to.html
-		$(VALIDATE_ENV) $(VALIDATE) $(VALIDATE_FLAGS) tz-how-to.html
-		touch $@

 # Check that zishrink.awk does not alter the data, and that ziguard.awk
 # preserves main-format data.
@@ -883,7 +860,7 @@ clean_misc:
 		rm -fr check_*.dir
 		rm -f *.o *.out $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES) \
 		  check_* core typecheck_* \
-		  date tzselect version.h zdump zic yearistype libtz.a
+		  date tzselect version.h zdump zic libtz.a
 clean:		clean_misc
 		rm -fr *.dir tzdb-*/
 		rm -f *.zi $(TZS_NEW)
@@ -913,11 +890,34 @@ $(MANTXTS):	workman.sh
 		LC_ALL=C sh workman.sh `expr $@ : '\(.*\)\.txt$$'` >$@.out
 		mv $@.out $@

+# Set file timestamps deterministically if possible,
+# so that tarballs containing the timestamps are reproducible.
+#
+# '$(SET_TIMESTAMP_N) N DEST A B C ...' sets the timestamp of the
+# file DEST to the maximum of the timestamps of the files A B C ...,
+# plus N if GNU ls and touch are available.
+SET_TIMESTAMP_N = sh -c '\
+  n=$$0 dest=$$1; shift; \
+  touch -cmr `ls -t "$$@" | sed 1q` "$$dest" && \
+  if test $$n != 0 && \
+     lsout=`ls -n --time-style="+%s" "$$dest" 2>/dev/null`; then \
+    set x $$lsout && \
+    touch -cmd @`expr $$7 + $$n` "$$dest"; \
+  else :; fi'
+# If DEST depends on A B C ... in this Makefile, callers should use
+# $(SET_TIMESTAMP_DEP) DEST A B C ..., for the benefit of any
+# downstream 'make' that considers equal timestamps to be out of date.
+# POSIX allows this 'make' behavior, and HP-UX 'make' does it.
+# If all that matters is that the timestamp be reproducible
+# and plausible, use $(SET_TIMESTAMP).
+SET_TIMESTAMP = $(SET_TIMESTAMP_N) 0
+SET_TIMESTAMP_DEP = $(SET_TIMESTAMP_N) 1
+
 # Set the timestamps to those of the git repository, if available,
 # and if the files have not changed since then.
-# This uses GNU 'touch' syntax 'touch -d@N FILE',
-# where N is the number of seconds since 1970.
-# If git or GNU 'touch' is absent, don't bother to sync with git timestamps.
+# This uses GNU 'ls --time-style=+%s', which outputs the seconds count,
+# and GNU 'touch -d@N FILE', where N is the number of seconds since 1970.
+# If git or GNU is absent, don't bother to sync with git timestamps.
 # Also, set the timestamp of each prebuilt file like 'leapseconds'
 # to be the maximum of the files it depends on.
 set-timestamps.out: $(EIGHT_YARDS)
@@ -935,16 +935,16 @@ set-timestamps.out: $(EIGHT_YARDS)
 		    fi || exit; \
 		  done; \
 		fi
-		touch -cmr `ls -t $(LEAP_DEPS) | sed 1q` leapseconds
+		$(SET_TIMESTAMP_DEP) leapseconds $(LEAP_DEPS)
 		for file in `ls $(MANTXTS) | sed 's/\.txt$$//'`; do \
-		  touch -cmr `ls -t $$file workman.sh | sed 1q` $$file.txt || \
+		  $(SET_TIMESTAMP_DEP) $$file.txt $$file workman.sh || \
 		    exit; \
 		done
-		touch -cmr `ls -t $(TZDATA_ZI_DEPS) | sed 1q` tzdata.zi
-		touch -cmr `ls -t $(VERSION_DEPS) | sed 1q` version
+		$(SET_TIMESTAMP_DEP) version $(VERSION_DEPS)
+		$(SET_TIMESTAMP_DEP) tzdata.zi $(TZDATA_ZI_DEPS)
 		touch $@
 set-tzs-timestamp.out: $(TZS)
-		touch -cmr `ls -t $(TZS_DEPS) | sed 1q` $(TZS)
+		$(SET_TIMESTAMP_DEP) $(TZS) $(TZS_DEPS)
 		touch $@

 # The zics below ensure that each data file can stand on its own.
@@ -955,10 +955,19 @@ check_public: $(VERSION_DEPS)
 		mkdir public.dir
 		ln $(VERSION_DEPS) public.dir
 		cd public.dir && $(MAKE) CFLAGS='$(GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS)' ALL
-		for i in $(TDATA_TO_CHECK) public.dir/tzdata.zi; do \
+		for i in $(TDATA_TO_CHECK) public.dir/tzdata.zi \
+		    public.dir/vanguard.zi public.dir/main.zi \
+		    public.dir/rearguard.zi; \
+		do \
 		  public.dir/zic -v -d public.dir/zoneinfo $$i 2>&1 || exit; \
 		done
 		public.dir/zic -v -d public.dir/zoneinfo-all $(TDATA_TO_CHECK)
+		:
+		: Also check 'backzone' syntax.
+		rm public.dir/main.zi
+		cd public.dir && $(MAKE) PACKRATDATA=backzone main.zi
+		public.dir/zic -d public.dir/zoneinfo main.zi
+		:
 		rm -fr public.dir
 		touch $@

@@ -971,7 +980,7 @@ $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES): $(VERSION_DEPS)
 		mkdir $@.dir
 		ln $(VERSION_DEPS) $@.dir
 		case $@ in \
-		  int32_t) range=-2147483648,2147483648;; \
+		  int*32_t) range=-2147483648,2147483648;; \
 		  u*) range=0,4294967296;; \
 		  *) range=-4294967296,4294967296;; \
 		esac && \
@@ -1022,7 +1031,7 @@ tarballs rearguard_tarballs traditional_tarballs \
 signatures rearguard_signatures traditional_signatures: \
  version set-timestamps.out rearguard.zi
 		VERSION=`cat version` && \
-		$(MAKE) VERSION="$$VERSION" $@_version
+		$(MAKE) AWK='$(AWK)' VERSION="$$VERSION" $@_version

 # These *_version rules are intended for use if VERSION is set by some
 # other means.  Ordinarily these rules are used only by the above
@@ -1059,14 +1068,18 @@ tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.tar.gz: rearguard.zi set-timestamps.out
 		for f in $(TDATA) $(PACKRATDATA); do \
 		  rearf=tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.dir/$$f; \
 		  $(AWK) -v DATAFORM=rearguard -f ziguard.awk $$f >$$rearf && \
-		  touch -cmr `ls -t ziguard.awk $$f` $$rearf || exit; \
+		  $(SET_TIMESTAMP_DEP) $$rearf ziguard.awk $$f || exit; \
 		done
 		sed '1s/$$/-rearguard/' \
 		  <version >tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.dir/version
+		: The dummy pacificnew pacifies TZUpdater 2.3.1 and earlier.
+		TZ=UTC0 touch -mt 202010122253.00 \
+		  tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.dir/pacificnew
 		touch -cmr version tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.dir/version
 		LC_ALL=C && export LC_ALL && \
 		  (cd tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.dir && \
-		   tar $(TARFLAGS) -cf - $(COMMON) $(DATA) $(MISC) | \
+		   tar $(TARFLAGS) -cf - \
+			$(COMMON) $(DATA) $(MISC) pacificnew | \
 		     gzip $(GZIPFLAGS)) >$@.out
 		mv $@.out $@

@@ -1074,7 +1087,7 @@ tzdb-$(VERSION).tar.lz: set-timestamps.out set-tzs-timestamp.out
 		rm -fr tzdb-$(VERSION)
 		mkdir tzdb-$(VERSION)
 		ln $(ENCHILADA) tzdb-$(VERSION)
-		touch -cmr `ls -t tzdb-$(VERSION)/* | sed 1q` tzdb-$(VERSION)
+		$(SET_TIMESTAMP) tzdb-$(VERSION) tzdb-$(VERSION)/*
 		LC_ALL=C && export LC_ALL && \
 		tar $(TARFLAGS) -cf - tzdb-$(VERSION) | lzip -9 >$@.out
 		mv $@.out $@
@@ -1116,8 +1129,6 @@ strftime.o:	private.h tzfile.h
 zdump.o:	version.h
 zic.o:		private.h tzfile.h version.h

-.KEEP_STATE:
-
 .PHONY: ALL INSTALL all
 .PHONY: check check_time_t_alternatives
 .PHONY: check_web check_zishrink
@@ -1,5 +1,522 @@
 News for the tz database

+Release 2022a - 2022-03-15 23:02:01 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Palestine will spring forward on 2022-03-27, not -03-26.
+    zdump -v now outputs better failure indications.
+    Bug fixes for code that reads corrupted TZif data.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Palestine will spring forward on 2022-03-27, not 2022-03-26.
+    (Thanks to Heba Hamad.)  Predict future transitions for first
+    Sunday >= March 25.  Additionally, predict fallbacks to be the first
+    Friday on or after October 23, not October's last Friday, to be more
+    consistent with recent practice.  The first differing fallback
+    prediction is on 2025-10-24, not 2025-10-31.
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    From 1992 through spring 1996, Ukraine's DST transitions were at
+    02:00 standard time, not at 01:00 UTC.  (Thanks to Alois Treindl.)
+
+    Chile's Santiago Mean Time and its LMT precursor have been adjusted
+    eastward by 1 second to align with past and present law.
+
+  Changes to commentary
+
+    Add several references for Chile's 1946/1947 transitions, some of
+    which only affected portions of the country.
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    Fix bug when mktime gets confused by truncated TZif files with
+    unspecified local time.  (Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)
+
+    Fix bug when 32-bit time_t code reads malformed 64-bit TZif data.
+    (Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)
+
+    When reading a version 2 or later TZif file, the TZif reader now
+    validates the version 1 header and data block only enough to skip
+    over them, as recommended by RFC 8536 section 4.  Also, the TZif
+    reader no longer mistakenly attempts to parse a version 1 TZIf
+    file header as a TZ string.
+
+    zdump -v now outputs "(localtime failed)" and "(gmtime failed)"
+    when local time and UT cannot be determined for a timestamp.
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    Distribution tarballs now use standard POSIX.1-1988 ustar format
+    instead of GNU format.  Although the formats are almost identical
+    for these tarballs, ustar headers' magic fields contain "ustar"
+    instead of "ustar ", and their version fields contain "00" instead
+    of " ".  The two formats are planned to diverge more significantly
+    for tzdb releases after 2242-03-16 12:56:31 UTC, when the ustar
+    format becomes obsolete and the tarballs switch to pax format, an
+    extension of ustar.  For details about these formats, please see
+    "pax - portable archive interchange", IEEE Std 1003.1-2017,
+    <https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/pax.html#tag_20_92_13>.
+
+
+Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Palestine will fall back 10-29 (not 10-30) at 01:00.
+    (Thanks to P Chan and Heba Hemad.)
+
+
+Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Fiji suspends DST for the 2021/2022 season.
+    'zic -r' marks unspecified timestamps with "-00".
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Fiji will suspend observance of DST for the 2021/2022 season.
+    Assume for now that it will return next year.  (Thanks to Jashneel
+    Kumar and P Chan.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
+    with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
+    This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.
+
+
+Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Revert most 2021b changes to 'backward'.
+    Fix 'zic -b fat' bug in pre-1970 32-bit data.
+    Fix two Link line typos.
+    Distribute SECURITY file.
+
+    This release is intended as a bugfix release, to fix compatibility
+    problems and typos reported since 2021b was released.
+
+  Changes to Link directives
+
+    Revert almost all of 2021b's changes to the 'backward' file,
+    by moving Link directives back to where they were in 2021a.
+    Although 'zic' doesn't care which source file contains a Link
+    directive, some downstream uses ran into trouble with the move.
+    (Problem reported by Stephen Colebourne for Joda-Time.)
+
+    Fix typo that linked Atlantic/Jan_Mayen to the wrong location
+    (problem reported by Chris Walton).
+
+    Fix 'backzone' typo that linked America/Virgin to the wrong
+    location (problem reported by Michael Deckers).
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
+    mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
+    Fischer).
+
+  Changes to documentation
+
+    Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).
+
+
+Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Jordan now starts DST on February's last Thursday.
+    Samoa no longer observes DST.
+    Merge more location-based Zones whose timestamps agree since 1970.
+    Move some backward-compatibility links to 'backward'.
+    Rename Pacific/Enderbury to Pacific/Kanton.
+    Correct many pre-1993 transitions in Malawi, Portugal, etc.
+    zic now creates each output file or link atomically.
+    zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
+    zic fixes for truncation and leap second table expiration.
+    zic now follows POSIX for TZ strings using all-year DST.
+    Fix some localtime crashes and bugs in obscure cases.
+    zdump -v now outputs more-useful boundary cases.
+    tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536.
+    A new file SECURITY.
+
+    This release is prompted by recent announcements by Jordan and Samoa.
+    It incorporates many other changes that had accumulated since 2021a.
+    However, it omits most proposed changes that merged all Zones
+    agreeing since 1970, as concerns were raised about doing too many of
+    these changes at once.  It does keeps some of these changes in the
+    interest of making tzdb more equitable one step at a time; see
+    "Merge more location-based Zones" below.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Jordan now starts DST on February's last Thursday.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+    Samoa no longer observes DST.  (Thanks to Geoffrey D. Bennett.)
+
+  Changes to zone name
+
+    Rename Pacific/Enderbury to Pacific/Kanton.  When we added
+    Enderbury in 1993, we did not know that it is uninhabited and that
+    Kanton (population two dozen) is the only inhabited location in
+    that timezone.  The old name is now a backward-compatility link.
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Correct many pre-1993 transitions, fixing entries originally
+    derived from Shanks, Whitman, and Mundell.  The fixes include:
+      - Barbados: standard time was introduced in 1911, not 1932; and
+	DST was observed in 1942-1944
+      - Cook Islands: In 1899 they switched from east to west of GMT,
+	celebrating Christmas for two days.  They (and Niue) switched
+	to standard time in 1952, not 1901.
+      - Guyana: corrected LMT for Georgetown; the introduction of
+	standard time in 1911, not 1915; and corrections to 1975 and
+	1992 transitions
+      - Kanton: uninhabited before 1937-08-31
+      - Niue: only observed -11:20 from 1952 through 1964, then went to
+        -11 instead of -11:30
+      - Portugal: DST was observed in 1950
+      - Tonga: corrected LMT; the introduction of standard time in 1945,
+        not 1901; and corrections to the transition from +12:20 to +13
+        in 1961, not 1941
+    Additional fixes to entries in the 'backzone' file include:
+      - Enderbury: inhabited only 1860/1885 and 1938-03-06/1942-02-09
+      - The Gambia: 1933 and 1942 transitions
+      - Malawi: several 1911 through 1925 transitions
+      - Sierra Leone: several 1913 through 1941 transitions, and DST
+	was NOT observed in 1957 through 1962
+    (Thanks to P Chan, Michael Deckers, Alexander Krivenyshev and
+    Alois Treindl.)
+
+    Merge more location-based Zones whose timestamps agree since 1970,
+    as pre-1970 timestamps are out of scope.  This is part of a
+    process that has been ongoing since 2013.  This does not affect
+    post-1970 timestamps, and timezone historians who build with 'make
+    PACKRATDATA=backzone' should see no changes to pre-1970 timestamps.
+    When merging, keep the most-populous location's data, and move
+    data for other locations to 'backzone' with a backward
+    link in 'backward'.  For example, move America/Creston data to
+    'backzone' with a link in 'backward' from America/Phoenix because
+    the two timezones' timestamps agree since 1970; this change
+    affects some pre-1968 timestamps in America/Creston because
+    Creston and Phoenix disagreed before 1968.  The affected Zones
+    are Africa/Accra, America/Atikokan, America/Blanc-Sablon,
+    America/Creston, America/Curacao, America/Nassau,
+    America/Port_of_Spain, Antarctica/DumontDUrville, and
+    Antarctica/Syowa.
+
+  Changes to maintenance procedure
+
+    The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.
+
+    Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
+    'backward' file.  These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
+    to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
+    guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
+    The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
+    Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
+    possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
+    This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
+    working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.
+
+    zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
+    Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
+    "Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
+    The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
+    the leap second table expired, which led to far less-accurate
+    predictions of times after the expiry.  Although future timestamps
+    cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
+    is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
+    seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
+    truncates output in this way.
+
+    Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
+    outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
+    second table.  Although this should work well with most TZif
+    readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
+    clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
+    "Expires" directives are currently disabled by default.  To enable
+    them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable.  If a TZif file uses
+    this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
+    a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.
+
+    zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
+    that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
+    falls between two leap seconds A and B.  Instead, it generates a
+    TZif version 4 file that represents the previously-missing
+    information.
+
+    The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
+    correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
+    transitions with equal corrections.  This supports TZif version 4.
+
+    The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
+    apart.  This supports possible future TZif extensions.
+
+    Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
+    set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
+    not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.
+
+    Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
+    set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
+    "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.
+
+    Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
+    TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
+    transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
+    in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.
+
+    Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
+    This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
+    which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
+    not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
+    (No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.)  Without the fix,
+    the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
+    With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
+    and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
+    through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
+    Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
+    offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
+    1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):
+
+	time_t    without the fix      with the fix
+	78796800  1972-07-01 01:23:45  1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
+	78796801  1972-07-01 01:23:45  1972-07-01 01:23:46
+	...
+	78796815  1972-07-01 01:23:59  1972-07-01 01:23:60
+	78796816  1972-07-01 01:24:00  1972-07-01 01:24:00
+
+    Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
+    civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
+    leap seconds are enabled.
+
+    Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
+    last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
+    Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.
+
+    Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
+    has a nonnegative correction.  Without the fix, the output file
+    was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
+    Fix a similar, even-less-likely bug when truncating at a positive
+    leap second that has a nonpositive correction.
+
+    zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
+    usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.
+
+    zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
+    where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
+    For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
+    "XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
+    "EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "".  (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
+    noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)
+
+    zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
+    noting it wasn't needed).
+
+    When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
+    seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
+    fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.
+
+    zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
+    and gmtime can represent, instead of the less-useful timestamps
+    one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
+    (Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
+    Friedrich for debugging help.)
+
+    zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
+    lower time bound and exclusive for the upper.  Formerly they were
+    inconsistent.  (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
+    non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
+    (Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)
+
+  Changes to documentation
+
+    tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
+    <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
+
+
+Release 2021a - 2021-01-24 10:54:57 -0800
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    South Sudan changes from +03 to +02 on 2021-02-01 at 00:00.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+
+Release 2020f - 2020-12-29 00:17:46 -0800
+
+  Change to build procedure
+
+    'make rearguard_tarballs' no longer generates a bad rearguard.zi,
+    fixing a 2020e bug.  (Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.)
+
+
+Release 2020e - 2020-12-22 15:14:34 -0800
+
+  Briefly:
+    Volgograd switches to Moscow time on 2020-12-27 at 02:00.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Volgograd changes time zone from +04 to +03 on 2020-12-27 at 02:00.
+    (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev and Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Correct many pre-1986 transitions, fixing entries originally
+    derived from Shanks.  The fixes include:
+      - Australia: several 1917 through 1971 transitions
+      - The Bahamas: several 1941 through 1945 transitions
+      - Bermuda: several 1917 through 1956 transitions
+      - Belize: several 1942 through 1968 transitions
+      - Ghana: several 1915 through 1956 transitions
+      - Israel and Palestine: several 1940 through 1985 transitions
+      - Kenya and adjacent: several 1908 through 1960 transitions
+      - Nigeria and adjacent: correcting LMT in Lagos, and several 1905
+        through 1919 transitions
+      - Seychelles: the introduction of standard time in 1907, not 1906
+      - Vanuatu: DST in 1973-1974, and a corrected 1984 transition
+    (Thanks to P Chan.)
+
+    Because of the Australia change, Australia/Currie (King Island) is
+    no longer needed, as it is identical to Australia/Hobart for all
+    timestamps since 1970 and was therefore created by mistake.
+    Australia/Currie has been moved to the 'backward' file and its
+    corrected data moved to the 'backzone' file.
+
+  Changes to past time zone abbreviations and DST flags
+
+    To better match legislation in Turks and Caicos, the 2015 shift to
+    year-round observance of -04 is now modeled as AST throughout before
+    returning to Eastern Time with US DST in 2018, rather than as
+    maintaining EDT until 2015-11-01.  (Thanks to P Chan.)
+
+  Changes to documentation
+
+    The zic man page now documents zic's coalescing of transitions
+    when a zone falls back just before DST springs forward.
+
+
+Release 2020d - 2020-10-21 11:24:13 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Palestine ends DST earlier than predicted, on 2020-10-24.
+
+  Changes to past and future timestamps
+
+    Palestine ends DST on 2020-10-24 at 01:00, instead of 2020-10-31
+    as previously predicted (thanks to Sharef Mustafa.)  Its
+    2019-10-26 fall-back was at 00:00, not 01:00 (thanks to Steffen
+    Thorsen.)  Its 2015-10-23 transition was at 01:00 not 00:00, and
+    its spring 2020 transition was on March 28 at 00:00, not March 27
+    (thanks to Pierre Cashon.)  This affects Asia/Gaza and
+    Asia/Hebron.  Assume future spring and fall transitions will be on
+    the Saturday preceding the last Sunday of March and October,
+    respectively.
+
+
+Release 2020c - 2020-10-16 11:15:53 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Fiji starts DST later than usual, on 2020-12-20.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Fiji will start DST on 2020-12-20, instead of 2020-11-08 as
+    previously predicted.  DST will still end on 2021-01-17.
+    (Thanks to Raymond Kumar and Alan Mintz.)  Assume for now that
+    the later-than-usual start date is a one-time departure from the
+    recent pattern.
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    Rearguard tarballs now contain an empty file pacificnew.
+    Some older downstream software expects this file to exist.
+    (Problem reported by Mike Cullinan.)
+
+
+Release 2020b - 2020-10-06 18:35:04 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Revised predictions for Morocco's changes starting in 2023.
+    Canada's Yukon changes to -07 on 2020-11-01, not 2020-03-08.
+    Macquarie Island has stayed in sync with Tasmania since 2011.
+    Casey, Antarctica is at +08 in winter and +11 in summer.
+    zic no longer supports -y, nor the TYPE field of Rules.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Morocco's spring-forward after Ramadan is now predicted to occur
+    no sooner than two days after Ramadan, instead of one day.
+    (Thanks to Milamber.)  The first altered prediction is for 2023,
+    now predicted to spring-forward on April 30 instead of April 23.
+
+  Changes to past and future timestamps
+
+   Casey Station, Antarctica has been using +08 in winter and +11 in
+   summer since 2018.  The most recent transition from +08 to +11 was
+   2020-10-04 00:01.  Also, Macquarie Island has been staying in
+   sync with Tasmania since 2011.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes to past and future time zone abbreviations and DST flags
+
+    Canada's Yukon, represented by America/Whitehorse and
+    America/Dawson, changes its time zone rules from -08/-07 to
+    permanent -07 on 2020-11-01, not on 2020-03-08 as 2020a had it.
+    This change affects only the time zone abbreviation (MST vs PDT)
+    and daylight saving flag for the period between the two dates.
+    (Thanks to Andrew G. Smith.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Correct several transitions for Hungary for 1918/1983.
+    For example, the 1983-09-25 fall-back was at 01:00, not 03:00.
+    (Thanks to Géza Nyáry.)  Also, the 1890 transition to standard
+    time was on 11-01, not 10-01 (thanks to Michael Deckers).
+
+    The 1891 French transition was on March 16, not March 15.  The
+    1911-03-11 French transition was at midnight, not a minute later.
+    Monaco's transitions were on 1892-06-01 and 1911-03-29, not
+    1891-03-15 and 1911-03-11.  (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    Support for zic's long-obsolete '-y YEARISTYPE' option has been
+    removed and, with it, so has support for the TYPE field in Rule
+    lines, which is now reserved for compatibility with earlier zic.
+    These features were previously deprecated in release 2015f.
+    (Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
+
+    zic now defaults to '-b slim' instead of to '-b fat'.
+
+    zic's new '-l -' and '-p -' options uninstall any existing
+    localtime and posixrules files, respectively.
+
+    The undocumented and ineffective tzsetwall function has been
+    removed.
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    The Makefile now defaults POSIXRULES to '-', so the posixrules
+    feature (obsolete as of 2019b) is no longer installed by default.
+
+  Changes to documentation and commentary
+
+    The long-obsolete files pacificnew, systemv, and yearistype.sh have
+    been removed from the distribution.  (Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
+
+
 Release 2020a - 2020-04-23 16:03:47 -0700

  Briefly:
@@ -116,13 +633,13 @@ Release 2019c - 2019-09-11 08:59:48 -0700
    probably wrong.)

    Fix several errors in pre-1970 transitions in Perry County, IN.
-    (Thanks to Alois Triendl for pointing out the 1967/9 errors.)
+    (Thanks to Alois Treindl for pointing out the 1967/9 errors.)

    Edmonton did not observe DST in 1967 or 1969.  In 1946 Vancouver
    ended DST on 09-29 not 10-13, and Vienna ended DST on 10-07 not
    10-06.  In 1945 Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) switched from +01/+02
    to +02/+03 on 04-10 not 01-01, and its +02/+03 is abbreviated
-    EET/EEST, not CET/CEST.  (Thanks to Alois Triendl.)  In 1946
+    EET/EEST, not CET/CEST.  (Thanks to Alois Treindl.)  In 1946
    Königsberg switched to +03 on 04-07 not 01-01.

    In 1946 Louisville switched from CST to CDT on 04-28 at 00:01, not
@@ -654,8 +1171,8 @@ Release 2018d - 2018-03-22 07:05:46 -0700
    Institute in Montevideo.
    (Thanks to Jeremie Bonjour, Tim Parenti, and Michael Deckers.)

-    Enderbury and Kiritimati skipped New Year's Eve 1994, not
-    New Year's Day 1995.  (Thanks to Kerry Shetline.)
+    East Kiribati skipped New Year's Eve 1994, not New Year's Day 1995.
+    (Thanks to Kerry Shetline.)

    Fix the 1912-01-01 transition for Portugal and its colonies.
    This transition was at 00:00 according to the new UT offset, not
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ substituting your desired installation directory for "$HOME/tzdir":
 	make TOPDIR=$HOME/tzdir install
 	$HOME/tzdir/usr/bin/zdump -v America/Los_Angeles

+See the file tz-how-to.html for examples of how to read the data files.
+
 This database of historical local time information has several goals:

 * Provide a compendium of data about the history of civil time that
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Please report any sensitive security-related bugs via email to the
+tzdb designated coordinators, currently Paul Eggert
+<[email protected]> and Tim Parenti <[email protected]>.
+Put "tzdb security" at the start of your email's subject line.
+We prefer communications to be in English.
+
+You should receive a response within a week. If not, please follow up
+via email to make sure we received your original message.
+
+If we confirm the bug, we plan to notify affected third-party services
+or software that we know about, prepare an advisory, commit fixes to
+the main development branch as quickly as is practical, and finally
+publish the advisory on [email protected].  As with all tzdb contributions,
+we give credit to security contributors unless they wish to remain
+anonymous.
@@ -30,9 +30,6 @@
 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
 #
-# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
-# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
-#
 # European-style abbreviations are commonly used along the Mediterranean.
 # For sub-Saharan Africa abbreviations were less standardized.
 # Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
@@ -64,7 +61,7 @@
 # Corrections are welcome.

 # Algeria
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Algeria	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
@@ -87,10 +84,9 @@ Rule	Algeria	1978	only	-	Mar	24	 1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1978	only	-	Sep	22	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1980	only	-	Apr	25	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1980	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00	0	-
-# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
-# more precise 0:09:21.
+# See Europe/Paris for PMT-related transitions.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
+Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 16
 			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
 			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1940 Feb 25  2:00
 			1:00	Algeria	CE%sT	1946 Oct  7
@@ -154,8 +150,9 @@ Zone	Africa/Ndjamena	1:00:12 -	LMT	1912        # N'Djamena
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Abidjan	-0:16:08 -	LMT	1912
 			 0:00	-	GMT
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Accra	# Ghana
 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Bamako	# Mali
-Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Banjul	# Gambia
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Banjul	# The Gambia
 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Conakry	# Guinea
 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Dakar	# Senegal
 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Freetown	# Sierra Leone
@@ -176,7 +173,7 @@ Link Africa/Abidjan Atlantic/St_Helena	# St Helena
 # Egypt was mean noon at the Great Pyramid, 2:04:30.5, but apparently this
 # did not apply to Cairo, Alexandria, or Port Said.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Egypt	1940	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1940	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	1941	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -382,42 +379,8 @@ Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:09 -	LMT	1900 Oct
 # Gabon
 # See Africa/Lagos.

-# Gambia
-# See Africa/Abidjan.
-
+# The Gambia
 # Ghana
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-30):
-# Whitman says DST was observed from 1931 to "the present";
-# Shanks & Pottenger say 1936 to 1942 with 20 minutes of DST,
-# with transitions on 09-01 and 12-31 at 00:00.
-# Page 33 of Parish GCB, Colonial Reports - Annual. No. 1066. Gold
-# Coast. Report for 1919. (March 1921), OCLC 784024077
-# http://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/africana/books2011-05/5530214/5530214_1919/5530214_1919_opt.pdf
-# lists the Determination of the Time Ordinance, 1919, No. 18,
-# "to advance the time observed locally by the space of twenty minutes
-# during the last four months of each year; the object in view being
-# to extend during those months the period of daylight-time available
-# for evening recreation after office hours."
-# Vanessa Ogle, The Global Transformation of Time, 1870-1950 (2015), p 33,
-# writes "In 1919, the Gold Coast (Ghana as of 1957) made Greenwich
-# time its legal time and simultaneously legalized a summer time of
-# UTC - 00:20 minutes from March to October."; a footnote lists
-# the ordinance as being dated 1919-11-24.
-# The Crown Colonist, Volume 12 (1942), p 176, says "the Government
-# intend advancing Gold Coast time half an hour ahead of G.M.T.
-# The actual date of the alteration has not yet been announced."
-# These sources are incomplete and contradictory.  Possibly what is
-# now Ghana observed different DST regimes in different years.  For
-# lack of better info, use Shanks except treat the minus sign as a
-# typo, and assume DST started in 1920 not 1936.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0:20	-
-Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
-# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Accra	-0:00:52 -	LMT	1918
-			 0:00	Ghana	GMT/+0020
-
 # Guinea
 # See Africa/Abidjan.

@@ -434,11 +397,54 @@ Zone	Africa/Bissau	-1:02:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  1:00u
 			 0:00	-	GMT

 # Kenya
+
+# From P Chan (2020-10-24):
+#
+# The standard time of GMT+2:30 was adopted in the East Africa Protectorate....
+# [The Official Gazette, 1908-05-01, p 274]
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=e-cAC-sjPSEC&pg=PA274
+#
+# At midnight on 30 June 1928 the clocks throughout Kenya was put forward
+# half an hour by the Alteration of Time Ordinance, 1928.
+# https://gazettes.africa/archive/ke/1928/ke-government-gazette-dated-1928-05-11-no-28.pdf
+# [Ordinance No. 11 of 1928, The Offical Gazette, 1928-06-26, p 813]
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=2S0S6os32ZUC&pg=PA813
+#
+# The 1928 ordinance was repealed by the Alteration of Time (repeal) Ordinance,
+# 1929 and the time was restored to GMT+2:30 at midnight on 4 January 1930.
+# [Ordinance No. 97 of 1929, The Official Gazette, 1929-12-31, p 2701]
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=_g18jIZQlwwC&pg=PA2701
+#
+# The Alteration of Time Ordinance, 1936 changed the time to GMT+2:45
+# and repealed the previous ordinance at midnight on 31 December 1936.
+# [The Official Gazette, 1936-07-21, p 705]
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=K7j41z0aC5wC&pg=PA705
+#
+# The Defence (Amendment of Laws No. 120) Regulations changed the time
+# to GMT+3 at midnight on 31 July 1942.
+# [Kenya Official Gazette Supplement No. 32, 1942-07-21, p 331]
+# https://books.google.com/books?hl=zh-TW&id=c_E-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA331
+# The provision of the 1936 ordinance was not repealed and was later
+# incorporated in the Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance in 1948.
+# Although it was overridden by the 1942 regulations.
+# [The Laws of Kenya in force on 1948-09-21, Title I, Chapter 1, 31]
+# https://dds.crl.edu/item/217517 (p.101)
+# In 1950 the Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance was amended to adopt
+# GMT+3 permanently as the 1942 regulations were due to expire on 10 December.
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=jvR8mUDAwR0C&pg=PA787
+# [Ordinance No. 44 of 1950, Kenya Ordinances 1950, Vol. XXIX, p 294]
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=-_dQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA294
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2020-10-24):
+# The 1908-05-01 announcement does not give an effective date,
+# so just say "1908 May".
+
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Nairobi	2:27:16	-	LMT	1928 Jul
-			3:00	-	EAT	1930
-			2:30	-	+0230	1940
-			2:45	-	+0245	1960
+Zone	Africa/Nairobi	2:27:16	-	LMT	1908 May
+			2:30	-	+0230	1928 Jun 30 24:00
+			3:00	-	EAT	1930 Jan  4 24:00
+			2:30	-	+0230	1936 Dec 31 24:00
+			2:45	-	+0245	1942 Jul 31 24:00
 			3:00	-	EAT
 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Addis_Ababa	 # Ethiopia
 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Asmara	 # Eritrea
@@ -501,7 +507,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-10-25):
 # For now, assume they're reverting to the pre-2012 rules of permanent UT +02.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Libya	1951	only	-	Oct	14	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1952	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1953	only	-	Oct	 9	2:00	1:00	S
@@ -624,7 +630,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Tripoli	0:52:44 -	LMT	1920
 # "The trial ended on March 29, 2009, when the clocks moved back by one hour
 # at 2am (or 02:00) local time..."

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule Mauritius	1982	only	-	Oct	10	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule Mauritius	1983	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	0	-
 Rule Mauritius	2008	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
@@ -639,7 +645,7 @@ Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
 # See Africa/Nairobi.

 # Morocco
-# See the 'europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).
+# See Africa/Ceuta for Spanish Morocco.

 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
 # Here is an article that Morocco plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time between
@@ -875,17 +881,30 @@ Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
 # https://maroc-diplomatique.net/maroc-le-retour-a-lheure-gmt-est-prevu-dimanche-prochain/
 # http://aujourdhui.ma/actualite/gmt1-retour-a-lheure-normale-dimanche-prochain-1
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2020-04-14):
+# From Milamber (2020-05-31)
+# In Morocco (where I live), the end of Ramadan (Arabic month) is followed by
+# the Eid al-Fitr, and concretely it's 1 or 2 day offs for the people (with
+# traditional visiting of family, big lunches/dinners, etc.).  So for this
+# year the astronomical calculations don't include the following 2 days off in
+# the calc.  These 2 days fall in a Sunday/Monday, so it's not acceptable by
+# people to have a time shift during these 2 days off.  Perhaps you can modify
+# the (predicted) rules for next years: if the end of Ramadan is a (probable)
+# Friday or Saturday (and so the 2 days off are on a weekend), the next time
+# shift will be the next weekend.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2020-05-31):
 # For now, guess that in the future Morocco will fall back at 03:00
 # the last Sunday before Ramadan, and spring forward at 02:00 the
-# first Sunday after the day after Ramadan.  To implement this,
-# transition dates for 2021 through 2087 were determined by running
-# the following program under GNU Emacs 26.3.
-# (let ((islamic-year 1442))
+# first Sunday after two days after Ramadan.  To implement this,
+# transition dates and times for 2019 through 2087 were determined by
+# running the following program under GNU Emacs 26.3.  (This algorithm
+# also produces the correct transition dates for 2016 through 2018,
+# though the times differ due to Morocco's time zone change in 2018.)
+# (let ((islamic-year 1440))
 #   (require 'cal-islam)
 #   (while (< islamic-year 1511)
 #     (let ((a (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year)))
-#           (b (1+ (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year))))
+#           (b (+ 2 (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year))))
 #           (sunday 0))
 #       (while (/= sunday (mod (setq a (1- a)) 7)))
 #       (while (/= sunday (mod b 7))
@@ -899,8 +918,12 @@ Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
 #         (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))
 #         (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))
 #     (setq islamic-year (+ 1 islamic-year))))
+#
+# From Milamber (2021-03-31, 2022-03-10), confirming these predictions:
+# https://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=2076
+# https://www.ecoactu.ma/horaires-administration-ramadan-gmtheure-gmt-a-partir-de-dimanche-27-mars/

-# RULE	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Sep	12	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	1:00	-
@@ -951,7 +974,7 @@ Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	May	16	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	Mar	27	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	May	 8	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Mar	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
-Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Apr	23	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Apr	30	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Mar	10	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Apr	14	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2025	only	-	Feb	23	 3:00	-1:00	-
@@ -967,7 +990,7 @@ Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Feb	18	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Dec	30	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2030	only	-	Feb	10	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2030	only	-	Dec	22	 3:00	-1:00	-
-Rule	Morocco	2031	only	-	Jan	26	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2031	only	-	Feb	 2	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2031	only	-	Dec	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2032	only	-	Jan	18	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2032	only	-	Nov	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
@@ -983,7 +1006,7 @@ Rule	Morocco	2036	only	-	Nov	23	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Nov	15	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2038	only	-	Sep	26	 3:00	-1:00	-
-Rule	Morocco	2038	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2038	only	-	Nov	 7	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2039	only	-	Sep	18	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2039	only	-	Oct	23	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2040	only	-	Sep	 2	 3:00	-1:00	-
@@ -999,7 +1022,7 @@ Rule	Morocco	2044	only	-	Aug	28	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2045	only	-	Jul	 9	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2045	only	-	Aug	20	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2046	only	-	Jul	 1	 3:00	-1:00	-
-Rule	Morocco	2046	only	-	Aug	 5	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2046	only	-	Aug	12	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2047	only	-	Jun	23	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2047	only	-	Jul	28	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2048	only	-	Jun	 7	 3:00	-1:00	-
@@ -1015,7 +1038,7 @@ Rule	Morocco	2052	only	-	Jun	 2	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2053	only	-	Apr	13	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2053	only	-	May	25	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2054	only	-	Apr	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
-Rule	Morocco	2054	only	-	May	10	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2054	only	-	May	17	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2055	only	-	Mar	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2055	only	-	May	 2	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2056	only	-	Mar	12	 3:00	-1:00	-
@@ -1031,7 +1054,7 @@ Rule	Morocco	2060	only	-	Mar	 7	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2061	only	-	Jan	16	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2061	only	-	Feb	27	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2062	only	-	Jan	 8	 3:00	-1:00	-
-Rule	Morocco	2062	only	-	Feb	12	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2062	only	-	Feb	19	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2062	only	-	Dec	31	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2063	only	-	Feb	 4	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2063	only	-	Dec	16	 3:00	-1:00	-
@@ -1047,7 +1070,7 @@ Rule	Morocco	2067	only	-	Dec	11	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2068	only	-	Oct	21	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2068	only	-	Dec	 2	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2069	only	-	Oct	13	 3:00	-1:00	-
-Rule	Morocco	2069	only	-	Nov	17	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2069	only	-	Nov	24	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2070	only	-	Oct	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2070	only	-	Nov	 9	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2071	only	-	Sep	20	 3:00	-1:00	-
@@ -1063,7 +1086,7 @@ Rule	Morocco	2075	only	-	Sep	15	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2076	only	-	Jul	26	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2076	only	-	Sep	 6	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2077	only	-	Jul	18	 3:00	-1:00	-
-Rule	Morocco	2077	only	-	Aug	22	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2077	only	-	Aug	29	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2078	only	-	Jul	10	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2078	only	-	Aug	14	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2079	only	-	Jun	25	 3:00	-1:00	-
@@ -1073,13 +1096,13 @@ Rule	Morocco	2080	only	-	Jul	21	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2081	only	-	Jun	 1	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2081	only	-	Jul	13	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2082	only	-	May	24	 3:00	-1:00	-
-Rule	Morocco	2082	only	-	Jun	28	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2082	only	-	Jul	 5	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2083	only	-	May	16	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2083	only	-	Jun	20	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2084	only	-	Apr	30	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2084	only	-	Jun	11	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2085	only	-	Apr	22	 3:00	-1:00	-
-Rule	Morocco	2085	only	-	May	27	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2085	only	-	Jun	 3	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2086	only	-	Apr	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2086	only	-	May	19	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2087	only	-	Mar	30	 3:00	-1:00	-
@@ -1180,7 +1203,7 @@ Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lusaka	# Zambia
 # Use plain "WAT" and "CAT" for the time zone abbreviations, to be compatible
 # with Namibia's neighbors.

-# RULE	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
 Rule	Namibia	1994	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	-1:00	WAT
 Rule	Namibia	1994	2017	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	0	CAT
@@ -1212,26 +1235,85 @@ Zone	Africa/Windhoek	1:08:24 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
 # See Africa/Lagos.

 # Nigeria
+
+# From P Chan (2020-12-03):
+# GMT was adopted as the standard time of Lagos on 1905-07-01.
+# Lagos Weekly Record, 1905-06-24, p 3
+# http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/31558#?c=0&m=668&s=0&cv=2&r=0&xywh=1446%2C5221%2C1931%2C1235
+# says "It is officially notified that on and after the 1st of July 1905
+# Greenwich Mean Solar Time will be adopted thought the Colony and
+# Protectorate, and that it will be necessary to put all clocks 13 minutes and
+# 35 seconds back, recording local mean time."
+#
+# It seemed that Lagos returned to LMT on 1908-07-01.
+# [The Lagos Standard], 1908-07-01, p 5
+# http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/31556#?c=0&m=78&s=0&cv=4&r=0&xywh=-92%2C3590%2C3944%2C2523
+# says "Scarcely have the people become accustomed to this new time, when
+# another official notice has now appeared announcing that from and after the
+# 1st July next, return will be made to local mean time."
+#
+# From P Chan (2020-11-27):
+# On 1914-01-01, standard time of GMT+0:30 was adopted for the unified Nigeria.
+# Colonial Reports - Annual. No. 878. Nigeria. Report for 1914. (April 1916),
+# p 27
+# https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/3064634/3064634_1914/3064634_1914_opt.pdf#page=27
+# "On January 1st [1914], a universal standard time for Nigeria was adopted,
+# viz., half an hour fast on Greenwich mean time, corresponding to the meridian
+# 7 [degrees] 30' E. long."
+# Lloyd's Register of Shipping (1915) says "Hitherto the time observed in Lagos
+# was the local mean time. On 1st January, 1914, standard time for the whole of
+# Nigeria was introduced ... Lagos time has been advanced about 16 minutes
+# accordingly."
+#
+# In 1919, standard time was changed to GMT+1.
+# Interpretation Ordinance (Cap 2)
+# The Laws of Nigeria, Containing the Ordinances of Nigeria, in Force on the
+# 1st Day of January, 1923, Vol.I [p 16]
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=BOMrAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA16
+# "The expression 'Standard time' means standard time as used in Nigeria:
+# namely, 60 minutes in advance of Greenwich mean time.  (As amended by 18 of
+# 1919, s. 2.)"
+# From Tim Parenti (2020-12-10):
+# The Lagos Weekly Record, 1919-09-20, p 3 details discussion on the first
+# reading of this Bill by the Legislative Council of the Colony of Nigeria on
+# Thursday 1919-08-28:
+# http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/31558?terms&item_id=303484#?m=1118&c=1&s=0&cv=2&r=0&xywh=1261%2C3408%2C2994%2C1915
+# "The proposal is that the Globe should be divided into twelve zones East and
+# West of Greenwich, of one hour each, Nigeria falling into the zone with a
+# standard of one hour fast on Greenwich Mean Time.  Nigeria standard time is
+# now 30 minutes in advance of Greenwich Mean Time ... according to the new
+# proposal, standard time will be advanced another 30 minutes".  It was further
+# proposed that the firing of the time guns likewise be adjusted by 30 minutes
+# to compensate.
+# From Tim Parenti (2020-12-10), per P Chan (2020-12-11):
+# The text of Ordinance 18 of 1919, published in Nigeria Gazette, Vol 6, No 52,
+# shows that the change was assented to the following day and took effect "on
+# the 1st day of September, 1919."
+# Nigeria Gazette and Supplements 1919 Jan-Dec, Reference: 73266B-40,
+# img 245-246
+# https://microform.digital/boa/collections/77/volumes/539/nigeria-lagos-1887-1919
+
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Lagos	0:13:36 -	LMT	1919 Sep
+Zone	Africa/Lagos	0:13:35 -	LMT	1905 Jul  1
+			0:00	-	GMT	1908 Jul  1
+			0:13:35	-	LMT	1914 Jan  1
+			0:30	-	+0030	1919 Sep  1
 			1:00	-	WAT
-Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Bangui	     # Central African Republic
-Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Brazzaville # Rep. of the Congo
-Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Douala	     # Cameroon
-Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Kinshasa    # Dem. Rep. of the Congo (west)
-Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Libreville  # Gabon
-Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Luanda	     # Angola
-Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Malabo	     # Equatorial Guinea
-Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Niamey	     # Niger
-Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Porto-Novo  # Benin
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Bangui		# Central African Republic
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Brazzaville	# Rep. of the Congo
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Douala		# Cameroon
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Kinshasa	# Dem. Rep. of the Congo (west)
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Libreville	# Gabon
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Luanda		# Angola
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Malabo		# Equatorial Guinea
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Niamey		# Niger
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Porto-Novo	# Benin

 # Réunion
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Indian/Reunion	3:41:52 -	LMT	1911 Jun # Saint-Denis
 			4:00	-	+04
 #
-# Crozet Islands also observes Réunion time; see the 'antarctica' file.
-#
 # Scattered Islands (Îles Éparses) administered from Réunion are as follows.
 # The following information about them is taken from
 # Îles Éparses (<http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm>, 1997-07-22,
@@ -1286,8 +1368,21 @@ Zone	Africa/Sao_Tome	 0:26:56 -	LMT	1884
 # See Africa/Abidjan.

 # Seychelles
+
+# From P Chan (2020-11-27):
+# Standard Time was adopted on 1907-01-01.
+#
+# Standard Time Ordinance (Chapter 237)
+# The Laws of Seychelles in Force on the 31st December, 1971, Vol. 6, p 571
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=efE-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA571
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2020-12-05):
+# A footnote on https://books.google.com/books?id=DYdDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1689
+# confirms that Ordinance No. 9 of 1906 "was brought into force on the 1st
+# January, 1907."
+
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Indian/Mahe	3:41:48 -	LMT	1906 Jun # Victoria
+Zone	Indian/Mahe	3:41:48 -	LMT	1907 Jan  1 # Victoria
 			4:00	-	+04
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
 # Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches, originally dependencies of the
@@ -1303,15 +1398,15 @@ Zone	Indian/Mahe	3:41:48 -	LMT	1906 Jun # Victoria
 # See Africa/Nairobi.

 # South Africa
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	SA	1942	1943	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	SA	1943	1944	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
 			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
 			2:00	SA	SAST
-Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Maseru	   # Lesotho
-Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Mbabane    # Eswatini
+Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Maseru	# Lesotho
+Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Mbabane	# Eswatini
 #
 # Marion and Prince Edward Is
 # scientific station since 1947
@@ -1336,7 +1431,7 @@ Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Mbabane    # Eswatini
 # Abdalla of NTC, archived at:
 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2017-October/025333.html

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Sudan	1970	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Sudan	1970	1985	-	Oct	15	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Sudan	1971	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -1348,10 +1443,17 @@ Zone	Africa/Khartoum	2:10:08 -	LMT	1931
 			2:00	-	CAT

 # South Sudan
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2021-01-18):
+# "South Sudan will change its time zone by setting the clock back 1
+# hour on February 1, 2021...."
+# from https://eyeradio.org/south-sudan-adopts-new-time-zone-makuei/
+
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Juba	2:06:28 -	LMT	1931
 			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
-			3:00	-	EAT
+			3:00	-	EAT	2021 Feb  1 00:00
+			2:00	-	CAT

 # Tanzania
 # See Africa/Nairobi.
@@ -1424,7 +1526,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Juba	2:06:28 -	LMT	1931
 # http://www.almadenahnews.com/newss/news.php?c=118&id=38036
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_tunis02.html

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Tunisia	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1940	only	-	Feb	25	23:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1451,9 +1553,7 @@ Rule	Tunisia	2005	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	2006	2008	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	2006	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

-# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
-# more precise 0:09:21.
-# Shanks & Pottenger say the 1911 switch was on Mar 9; go with Howse's Mar 11.
+# See Europe/Paris commentary for PMT-related transitions.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Tunis	0:40:44 -	LMT	1881 May 12
 			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
@@ -70,15 +70,30 @@
 # Australian Antarctica Division informed us that Casey changed time
 # zone to UTC+11 in "the morning of 22nd October 2016".

+# From Steffen Thorsen (2020-10-02, as corrected):
+# Based on information we have received from the Australian Antarctic
+# Division, Casey station and Macquarie Island station will move to Tasmanian
+# daylight savings time on Sunday 4 October. This will take effect from 0001
+# hrs on Sunday 4 October 2020 and will mean Casey and Macquarie Island will
+# be on the same time zone as Hobart.  Some past dates too for this 3 hour
+# time change back and forth between UTC+8 and UTC+11 for Casey:
+# - 2018 Oct  7 4:00 - 2019 Mar 17 3:00 - 2019 Oct  4 3:00 - 2020 Mar  8 3:00
+# and now - 2020 Oct  4 0:01
+
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/Casey	0	-	-00	1969
-			8:00	-	+08	2009 Oct 18  2:00
+Zone Antarctica/Casey	 0	-	-00	1969
+			 8:00	-	+08	2009 Oct 18  2:00
 			11:00	-	+11	2010 Mar  5  2:00
-			8:00	-	+08	2011 Oct 28  2:00
+			 8:00	-	+08	2011 Oct 28  2:00
 			11:00	-	+11	2012 Feb 21 17:00u
-			8:00	-	+08	2016 Oct 22
+			 8:00	-	+08	2016 Oct 22
 			11:00	-	+11	2018 Mar 11  4:00
-			8:00	-	+08
+			 8:00	-	+08	2018 Oct  7  4:00
+			11:00	-	+11	2019 Mar 17  3:00
+			 8:00	-	+08	2019 Oct  4  3:00
+			11:00	-	+11	2020 Mar  8  3:00
+			 8:00	-	+08	2020 Oct  4  0:01
+			11:00	-	+11
 Zone Antarctica/Davis	0	-	-00	1957 Jan 13
 			7:00	-	+07	1964 Nov
 			0	-	-00	1969 Feb
@@ -133,7 +148,7 @@ Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	-00	1954 Feb 13
 #
 # Alfred Faure, Possession Island, Crozet Islands, -462551+0515152, since 1964;
 #	sealing & whaling stations operated variously 1802/1911+;
-#	see Indian/Reunion.
+#	see Asia/Dubai.
 #
 # Martin-de-Viviès, Amsterdam Island, -374105+0773155, since 1950
 # Port-aux-Français, Kerguelen Islands, -492110+0701303, since 1951;
@@ -147,17 +162,7 @@ Zone Indian/Kerguelen	0	-	-00	1950 # Port-aux-Français
 			5:00	-	+05
 #
 # year-round base in the main continent
-# Dumont d'Urville, Île des Pétrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
-# <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumont_d'Urville_Station> (2005-12-05)
-#
-# Another base at Port-Martin, 50km east, began operation in 1947.
-# It was destroyed by fire on 1952-01-14.
-#
-# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	-00	1947
-			10:00	-	+10	1952 Jan 14
-			0	-	-00	1956 Nov
-			10:00	-	+10
+# Dumont d'Urville - see Pacific/Port_Moresby.

 # France & Italy - year-round base
 # Concordia, -750600+1232000, since 2005
@@ -173,20 +178,7 @@ Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	-00	1947
 # Zuchelli, Terra Nova Bay, -744140+1640647, since 1986

 # Japan - year-round bases
-# Syowa (also known as Showa), -690022+0393524, since 1957
-#
-# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1999-02-06):
-# In all Japanese stations, +0300 is used as the standard time.
-#
-# Syowa station, which is the first antarctic station of Japan,
-# was established on 1957-01-29.  Since Syowa station is still the main
-# station of Japan, it's appropriate for the principal location.
-# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	-00	1957 Jan 29
-			3:00	-	+03
-# See:
-# NIPR Antarctic Research Activities (1999-08-17)
-# http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/ara01.html
+# See Asia/Riyadh.

 # S Korea - year-round base
 # Jang Bogo, Terra Nova Bay, -743700+1641205 since 2014
@@ -224,7 +216,7 @@ Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	-00	1957 Jan 29
 # suggested by Bengt-Inge Larsson comment them out for now, and approximate
 # with only UTC and CEST.  Uncomment them when 2014b is more prevalent.
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 #Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Mar	 1	1:00u	1:00	+01
 Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	2:00	+02
 #Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	+01
@@ -34,9 +34,6 @@
 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
 # (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
 #
-# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
-# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
-#
 # The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables
 # (corrections are welcome):
 #	     std  dst
@@ -70,7 +67,7 @@
 ###############################################################################

 # These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	EUAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	EUAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 Rule	EUAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
@@ -114,7 +111,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Kabul	4:36:48 -	LMT	1890
 # or
 # (brief)
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule Armenia	2011	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule Armenia	2011	only	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -140,7 +137,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Yerevan	2:58:00 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 # http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
 # http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Azer	1997	2015	-	Mar	lastSun	 4:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Azer	1997	2015	-	Oct	lastSun	 5:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -227,7 +224,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Jun	19	23:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Dec	31	24:00	0	-

@@ -303,7 +300,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Yangon	6:24:47 -	LMT	1880        # or Rangoon
 # generally esteemed a success, it was announced early in 1920 that it would
 # not be repeated."
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Shang	1919	only	-	Apr	12	24:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Shang	1919	only	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S

@@ -399,7 +396,7 @@ Rule	Shang	1919	only	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S
 # the Yangtze river delta area during that period of time although the scope
 # of such use will need to be investigated to determine.
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Oct	12	24:00	0	S
 Rule	Shang	1941	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	1:00	D
@@ -462,7 +459,7 @@ Rule	Shang	1948	1949	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S #plan
 # to begin on 17 April.
 # http://data.people.com.cn/pic/101p/1988/04/1988041201.jpg

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	PRC	1986	only	-	May	 4	 2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	PRC	1986	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=11	 2:00	0	S
 Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=11	 2:00	1:00	D
@@ -846,7 +843,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928
 # or dates for the 1942 and 1945 transitions.
 # The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began 1941-12-25.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Apr	21	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Dec	1	3:30s	0	-
 Rule	HK	1947	only	-	Apr	13	3:30s	1:00	S
@@ -973,7 +970,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:42 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30  0:36:42
 # until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Taiwan	1946	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Taiwan	1946	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Taiwan	1947	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -1099,7 +1096,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Taipei	8:06:00 -	LMT	1896 Jan  1
 # The 1904 decree says that Macau changed from the meridian of
 # Fortaleza do Monte, presumably the basis for the 7:34:10 for LMT.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Macau	1942	1943	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Macau	1942	only	-	Nov	17	23:00	0	-
 Rule	Macau	1943	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	S
@@ -1157,7 +1154,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Macau	7:34:10 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
 # Cyprus to remain united in time.  Cyprus Mail 2017-10-17.
 # https://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/17/cyprus-remain-united-time/

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Apr	13	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Oct	12	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Cyprus	1976	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -1534,7 +1531,7 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Iran	1978	1980	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Oct	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	Sep	18	24:00	0	-
@@ -1676,7 +1673,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Tehran	3:25:44	-	LMT	1916
 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Iraq	1982	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iraq	1982	1984	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Iraq	1983	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	-
@@ -1699,6 +1696,10 @@ Zone	Asia/Baghdad	2:57:40	-	LMT	1890

 # Israel

+# For more info about the motivation for DST in Israel, see:
+# Barak Y. Israel's Daylight Saving Time controversy. Israel Affairs.
+# 2020-08-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2020.1806564
+
 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
 #
 # I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988.  Until then there were three
@@ -1719,40 +1720,180 @@ Zone	Asia/Baghdad	2:57:40	-	LMT	1890
 # high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
 # family is from India).

-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Zion	1940	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1942	1944	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1943	only	-	Apr	 1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1944	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1945	only	-	Apr	16	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1946	only	-	Apr	16	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1946	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1948	only	-	May	23	0:00	2:00	DD
-Rule	Zion	1948	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1948	1949	-	Nov	 1	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1949	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1950	only	-	Apr	16	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1950	only	-	Sep	15	3:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1951	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1951	only	-	Nov	11	3:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1952	only	-	Apr	20	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1952	only	-	Oct	19	3:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1953	only	-	Apr	12	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1953	only	-	Sep	13	3:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1954	only	-	Jun	13	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1954	only	-	Sep	12	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1955	only	-	Jun	11	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1955	only	-	Sep	11	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1956	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1956	only	-	Sep	30	3:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1957	only	-	Apr	29	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1957	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1974	only	-	Jul	 7	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1974	only	-	Oct	13	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1975	only	-	Apr	20	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1975	only	-	Aug	31	0:00	0	S
+# From P Chan (2020-10-27), with corrections:
+#
+# 1940-1946 Supplement No. 2 to the Palestine Gazette
+# # issue page  Order No.   dated      start        end         note
+# 1 1010  729  67 of 1940 1940-05-22 1940-05-31* 1940-09-30* revoked by #2
+# 2 1013  758  73 of 1940 1940-05-31 1940-05-31  1940-09-30
+# 3 1055 1574 196 of 1940 1940-11-06 1940-11-16  1940-12-31
+# 4 1066 1811 208 of 1940 1940-12-17 1940-12-31  1941-12-31
+# 5 1156 1967 116 of 1941 1941-12-16 1941-12-31  1942-12-31* amended by #6
+# 6 1228 1608  86 of 1942 1942-10-14 1941-12-31  1942-10-31
+# 7 1256  279  21 of 1943 1943-03-18 1943-03-31  1943-10-31
+# 8 1323  249  19 of 1944 1944-03-13 1944-03-31  1944-10-31
+# 9 1402  328  20 of 1945 1945-04-05 1945-04-15  1945-10-31
+#10 1487  596  14 of 1946 1946-04-04 1946-04-15  1946-10-31
+#
+# 1948 Iton Rishmi (Official Gazette of the Provisional Government)
+# #    issue    page   dated      start       end
+#11 2             7 1948-05-20 1948-05-22 1948-10-31*
+#	^This moved timezone to +04, replaced by #12 from 1948-08-31 24:00 GMT.
+#12 17 (Annex B) 84 1948-08-22 1948-08-31 1948-10-31
+#
+# 1949-2000 Kovetz HaTakanot (Collection of Regulations)
+# # issue page  dated      start       end            note
+#13    6  133 1949-03-23 1949-04-30  1949-10-31
+#14   80  755 1950-03-17 1950-04-15  1950-09-14
+#15  164  782 1951-03-22 1951-03-31  1951-09-29* amended by #16
+#16  206 1940 1951-09-23 ----------  1951-10-22* amended by #17
+#17  212   78 1951-10-19 ----------  1951-11-10
+#18  254  652 1952-03-03 1952-04-19  1952-09-27* amended by #19
+#19  300   11 1952-09-15 ----------  1952-10-18
+#20  348  817 1953-03-03 1953-04-11  1953-09-12
+#21  420  385 1954-02-17 1954-06-12  1954-09-11
+#22  497  548 1955-01-14 1955-06-11  1955-09-10
+#23  591  608 1956-03-12 1956-06-02  1956-09-29
+#24  680  957 1957-02-08 1957-04-27  1957-09-21
+#25 3192 1418 1974-06-28 1974-07-06  1974-10-12
+#26 3322 1389 1975-04-03 1975-04-19  1975-08-30
+#27 4146 2089 1980-07-15 1980-08-02  1980-09-13
+#28 4604 1081 1984-02-22 1984-05-05* 1984-08-25* revoked by #29
+#29 4619 1312 1984-04-06 1984-05-05  1984-08-25
+#30 4744  475 1984-12-23 1985-04-13  1985-09-14* amended by #31
+#31 4851 1848 1985-08-18 ----------  1985-08-31
+#32 4932  899 1986-04-22 1986-05-17  1986-09-06
+#33 5013  580 1987-02-15 1987-04-18* 1987-08-22* revoked by #34
+#34 5021  744 1987-03-30 1987-04-14  1987-09-12
+#35 5096  659 1988-02-14 1988-04-09  1988-09-03
+#36 5167  514 1989-02-03 1989-04-29  1989-09-02
+#37 5248  375 1990-01-23 1990-03-24  1990-08-25
+#38 5335  612 1991-02-10 1991-03-09* 1991-08-31	 amended by #39
+#			 1992-03-28  1992-09-05
+#39 5339  709 1991-03-04 1991-03-23  ----------
+#40 5506  503 1993-02-18 1993-04-02  1993-09-05
+#			 1994-04-01  1994-08-28
+#			 1995-03-31  1995-09-03
+#41 5731  438 1996-01-01 1996-03-14  1996-09-15
+#			 1997-03-13* 1997-09-18* overridden by 1997 Temp Prov
+#			 1998-03-19* 1998-09-17* revoked by #42
+#42 5853 1243 1997-09-18 1998-03-19  1998-09-05
+#43 5937   77 1998-10-18 1999-04-02  1999-09-03
+#			 2000-04-14* 2000-09-15* revoked by #44
+#			 2001-04-13* 2001-09-14* revoked by #44
+#44 6024   39 2000-03-14 2000-04-14  2000-10-22* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
+#			 2001-04-06* 2001-10-10* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
+#			 2002-03-29* 2002-10-29* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
+#
+# These are laws enacted by the Knesset since the Minister could only alter the
+# transition dates at least six months in advanced under the 1992 Law.
+#				dated		start		end
+# 1997 Temporary Provisions	1997-03-06	1997-03-20	1997-09-13
+# 2000 Temporary Provisions	2000-07-28	----------	2000-10-06
+#						2001-04-09	2001-09-24
+#						2002-03-29	2002-10-07
+#						2003-03-28	2003-10-03
+#						2004-04-07	2004-09-22
+# Note:
+# Transition times in 1940-1957 (#1-#24) were midnight GMT,
+# in 1974-1998 (#25-#42 and the 1997 Temporary Provisions) were midnight,
+# in 1999-April 2000 (#43,#44) were 02:00,
+# in the 2000 Temporary Provisions were 01:00.
+#
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Links:
+# 1 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537490&increment=687
+# 2 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537490&increment=716
+# 3 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537491&increment=721
+# 4 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537491&increment=958
+# 5 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537502&increment=558
+# 6 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537511&increment=105
+# 7 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537516&increment=278
+# 8 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537522&increment=248
+# 9 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537530&increment=329
+#10 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537537&increment=601
+#11 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law12/er-002.pdf#page=3
+#12 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law12/er-017-t2.pdf#page=4
+#13 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0006.pdf#page=3
+#14 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0080.pdf#page=7
+#15 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0164.pdf#page=10
+#16 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0206.pdf#page=4
+#17 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0212.pdf#page=2
+#18 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0254.pdf#page=4
+#19 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0300.pdf#page=5
+#20 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0348.pdf#page=3
+#21 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0420.pdf#page=5
+#22 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0497.pdf#page=10
+#23 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0591.pdf#page=6
+#24 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0680.pdf#page=3
+#25 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-3192.pdf#page=2
+#26 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-3322.pdf#page=5
+#27 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4146.pdf#page=2
+#28 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4604.pdf#page=7
+#29 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4619.pdf#page=2
+#30 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4744.pdf#page=11
+#31 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4851.pdf#page=2
+#32 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4932.pdf#page=19
+#33 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5013.pdf#page=8
+#34 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5021.pdf#page=8
+#35 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5096.pdf#page=3
+#36 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5167.pdf#page=2
+#37 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5248.pdf#page=7
+#38 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5335.pdf#page=6
+#39 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5339.pdf#page=7
+#40 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5506.pdf#page=19
+#41 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5731.pdf#page=2
+#42 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5853.pdf#page=3
+#43 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5937.pdf#page=9
+#44 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-6024.pdf#page=4
+#
+# Time Determination (Temporary Provisions) Law, 1997
+# https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law19/p201_003.htm
+#
+# Time Determination (Temporary Provisions) Law, 2000
+# https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law19/p201_004.htm
+#
+# Time Determination Law, 1992 and amendments
+# https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p201_002.htm
+# https://main.knesset.gov.il/Activity/Legislation/Laws/Pages/LawPrimary.aspx?lawitemid=2001174
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2020-10-27):
+# Several of the midnight transitions mentioned above are ambiguous;
+# are they 00:00, 00:00s, 24:00, or 24:00s?  When resolving these ambiguities,
+# try to minimize changes from previous tzdb versions, for lack of better info.
+# Commentary from previous versions is included below, to help explain this.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	1940	only	-	May	31	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1940	only	-	Sep	30	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1940	only	-	Nov	16	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1942	1946	-	Oct	31	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1943	1944	-	Mar	31	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1945	1946	-	Apr	15	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1948	only	-	May	22	24:00u	2:00	DD
+Rule	Zion	1948	only	-	Aug	31	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1948	1949	-	Oct	31	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1949	only	-	Apr	30	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1950	only	-	Apr	15	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1950	only	-	Sep	14	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1951	only	-	Mar	31	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1951	only	-	Nov	10	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1952	only	-	Apr	19	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1952	only	-	Oct	18	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1953	only	-	Apr	11	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1953	only	-	Sep	12	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1954	only	-	Jun	12	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1954	only	-	Sep	11	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1955	only	-	Jun	11	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1955	only	-	Sep	10	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1956	only	-	Jun	 2	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1956	only	-	Sep	29	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1957	only	-	Apr	27	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1957	only	-	Sep	21	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1974	only	-	Jul	 6	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1974	only	-	Oct	12	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1975	only	-	Apr	19	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1975	only	-	Aug	30	24:00	0	S

 # From Alois Treindl (2019-03-06):
 # http://www.moin.gov.il/Documents/שעון%20קיץ/clock-50-years-7-2014.pdf
@@ -1765,25 +1906,24 @@ Rule	Zion	1975	only	-	Aug	31	0:00	0	S
 # From Paul Eggert (2019-03-06):
 # Also see this thread about the moin.gov.il URL:
 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-November/027194.html
-Rule	Zion	1980	only	-	Aug	 2	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1980	only	-	Sep	13	1:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1984	only	-	May	 5	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1984	only	-	Aug	25	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1980	only	-	Aug	 2	24:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1980	only	-	Sep	13	24:00s	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1984	only	-	May	 5	24:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1984	only	-	Aug	25	24:00s	0	S

-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
-Rule	Zion	1985	only	-	Apr	14	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1985	only	-	Sep	15	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	May	18	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	Sep	 7	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1985	only	-	Apr	13	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1985	only	-	Aug	31	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	May	17	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	Sep	 6	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Apr	14	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Sep	12	24:00	0	S

 # From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
 # I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
 # [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
 # ends and changes to Sunday.
-Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Sep	 4	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Apr	 9	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Sep	 3	24:00	0	S

 # From Ephraim Silverberg
 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
@@ -1812,15 +1952,15 @@ Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Sep	 4	0:00	0	S
 # (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
 # (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Zion	1989	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1989	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1990	only	-	Mar	25	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1990	only	-	Aug	26	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1991	only	-	Mar	24	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1991	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1992	only	-	Mar	29	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1992	only	-	Sep	 6	0:00	0	S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	1989	only	-	Apr	29	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1989	only	-	Sep	 2	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1990	only	-	Mar	24	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1990	only	-	Aug	25	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1991	only	-	Mar	23	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1991	only	-	Aug	31	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1992	only	-	Mar	28	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1992	only	-	Sep	 5	24:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	1993	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1993	only	-	Sep	 5	0:00	0	S

@@ -1828,7 +1968,7 @@ Rule	Zion	1993	only	-	Sep	 5	0:00	0	S
 # Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel.  The spokeswoman can be reached by
 # calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.

-# Rule	NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Zion	1994	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1994	only	-	Aug	28	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	1995	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -1848,11 +1988,11 @@ Rule	Zion	1995	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S
 #
 #       where YYYY is the relevant year.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Zion	1996	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1996	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1997	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1997	only	-	Sep	14	0:00	0	S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	1996	only	-	Mar	14	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1996	only	-	Sep	15	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1997	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1997	only	-	Sep	13	24:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	1998	only	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1998	only	-	Sep	 6	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	1999	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -1871,7 +2011,7 @@ Rule	Zion	1999	only	-	Sep	 3	2:00	0	S
 #
 #	ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Zion	2000	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	2000	only	-	Oct	 6	1:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	2001	only	-	Apr	 9	1:00	1:00	D
@@ -1893,7 +2033,7 @@ Rule	Zion	2004	only	-	Sep	22	1:00	0	S
 #
 #	ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Zion	2005	2012	-	Apr	Fri<=1	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	2005	only	-	Oct	 9	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	2006	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00	0	S
@@ -1904,16 +2044,17 @@ Rule	Zion	2010	only	-	Sep	12	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	2011	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	2012	only	-	Sep	23	2:00	0	S

-# From Ephraim Silverberg (2013-06-27):
-# On June 23, 2013, the Israeli government approved changes to the
-# Time Decree Law.  The next day, the changes passed the First Reading
-# in the Knesset.  The law is expected to pass the Second and Third
-# (final) Readings by the beginning of September 2013.
-#
-# As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
-# in March.  DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
+# From Ephraim Silverberg (2020-10-26):
+# The current time law (2013) from the State of Israel can be viewed
+# (in Hebrew) at:
+# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/israel/announcements/2013+law.pdf
+# It translates to:
+# Every year, in the period from the Friday before the last Sunday in
+# the month of March at 02:00 a.m. until the last Sunday of the month
+# of October at 02:00 a.m., Israel Time will be advanced an additional
+# hour such that it will be UTC+3.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Zion	2013	max	-	Mar	Fri>=23	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	2013	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S

@@ -2013,7 +2154,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:54 -	LMT	1880
 # do in any POSIX or C platform.  The "25:00" assumes zic from 2007 or later,
 # which should be safe now.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Japan	1948	only	-	May	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Japan	1948	1951	-	Sep	Sat>=8	25:00	0	S
 Rule	Japan	1949	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
@@ -2090,7 +2231,15 @@ Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
 # As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2021-09-24):
+# The Jordanian Government announced yesterday that they will start DST
+# in February instead of March:
+# https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=37683&lang=en&name=en_news (English)
+# https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=189969&lang=ar&name=news (Arabic)
+# From the Arabic version, it seems to say it would be at midnight
+# (assume 24:00) on the last Thursday in February, starting from 2022.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Jordan	1973	only	-	Jun	6	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Jordan	1973	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	1974	1977	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -2120,8 +2269,9 @@ Rule	Jordan	2004	only	-	Oct	15	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	2005	only	-	Sep	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	2006	2011	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	2013	only	-	Dec	20	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Jordan	2014	max	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	2014	2021	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Jordan	2014	max	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2022	max	-	Feb	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
 			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT
@@ -2416,7 +2566,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Oral	3:25:24	-	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ural'sk
 # Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Apr	Sun>=7	0:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:30	1:00	-
@@ -2472,7 +2622,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Bishkek	4:58:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 # follow and continued to use GMT+9:00 for interoperability.


-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Sep	12	24:00	0	S
 Rule	ROK	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	D
@@ -2560,7 +2710,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Pyongyang	8:23:00 -	LMT	1908 Apr  1


 # Lebanon
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Lebanon	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lebanon	1920	only	-	Oct	25	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Lebanon	1921	only	-	Apr	3	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -2590,13 +2740,14 @@ Zone	Asia/Beirut	2:22:00 -	LMT	1880
 			2:00	Lebanon	EE%sT

 # Malaysia
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Sep	14	0:00	0:20	-
 Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Dec	14	0:00	0	-
 #
 # peninsular Malaysia
 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
-# http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20190822231045/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~mathelmr/teaching/timezone.html
+# This agrees with Singapore since 1905-06-01.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	6:46:46 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 			6:55:25	-	SMT	1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
@@ -2735,7 +2886,7 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880 # Malé
 # September daylight saving time ends.  Source:
 # http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Mongol	1983	1984	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Mongol	1983	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
@@ -2923,7 +3074,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
 # "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Apr	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
 Rule Pakistan	2008	only	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -3217,15 +3368,52 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907

 # From Sharef Mustafa (2019-10-18):
 # Palestine summer time will end on midnight Oct 26th 2019 ...
-# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/website/ar/ViewDetails?ID=43948
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2020-10-20):
+# Some sources such as these say, and display on clocks, that DST ended at
+# midnight last year...
+# https://www.amad.ps/ar/post/320006
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2020-10-20):
+# The report of the Palestinian Cabinet meeting of 2019-10-14 confirms
+# a decision on (translated): "The start of the winter time in Palestine, by
+# delaying the clock by sixty minutes, starting from midnight on Friday /
+# Saturday corresponding to 26/10/2019."
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/43948
+
+# From Sharef Mustafa (2020-10-20):
+# As per the palestinian cabinet announcement yesterday , the day light saving
+# shall [end] on Oct 24th 2020 at 01:00AM by delaying the clock by 60 minutes.
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/Meeting/Details/51584
+
+# From Pierre Cashon (2020-10-20):
+# The summer time this year started on March 28 at 00:00.
+# https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=GveQNZa872839351758aGveQNZ
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/50284
+# The winter time in 2015 started on October 23 at 01:00.
+# https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=CgpCdYa670694628582aCgpCdY
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/27583
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2019-04-10):
-# For now, guess spring-ahead transitions are March's last Friday at 00:00.
-#
-# From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
-# Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
+# For now, guess spring-ahead transitions are at 00:00 on the Saturday
+# preceding March's last Sunday (i.e., Sat>=24).

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# From P Chan (2021-10-18):
+# http://wafa.ps/Pages/Details/34701
+# Palestine winter time will start from midnight 2021-10-29 (Thursday-Friday).
+#
+# From Heba Hemad, Palestine Ministry of Telecom & IT (2021-10-20):
+# ... winter time will begin in Palestine from Friday 10-29, 01:00 AM
+# by 60 minutes backwards.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2021-10-25), per Paul Eggert (2021-10-24):
+# Guess future fall transitions at 01:00 on the Friday preceding October's
+# last Sunday (i.e., Fri>=23), as this is more consistent with recent practice.
+
+# From Heba Hamad (2022-03-10):
+# summer time will begin in Palestine from Sunday 03-27-2022, 00:00 AM.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule EgyptAsia	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule EgyptAsia	1957	1958	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule EgyptAsia	1958	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -3239,10 +3427,10 @@ Rule Palestine	2004	only	-	Oct	 1	1:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2005	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2006	2007	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	2006	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=8	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2007	only	-	Sep	13	2:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2008	2009	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2009	only	-	Sep	Fri>=1	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2009	only	-	Sep	 4	1:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Apr	 1	0:01	1:00	S
@@ -3251,12 +3439,18 @@ Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Aug	30	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2012	2014	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	2012	only	-	Sep	21	1:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2013	only	-	Sep	Fri>=21	0:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2014	2015	-	Oct	Fri>=21	0:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2015	only	-	Mar	lastFri	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2013	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2014	only	-	Oct	24	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2015	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2015	only	-	Oct	23	1:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2016	2018	-	Mar	Sat>=24	1:00	1:00	S
-Rule Palestine	2016	max	-	Oct	lastSat	1:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2019	max	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2016	2018	-	Oct	Sat>=24	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2019	only	-	Mar	29	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2019	only	-	Oct	Sat>=24	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2020	2021	-	Mar	Sat>=24	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2020	only	-	Oct	24	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2021	max	-	Oct	Fri>=23	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2022	max	-	Mar	Sun>=25	0:00	1:00	S

 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Gaza	2:17:52	-	LMT	1900 Oct
@@ -3325,7 +3519,13 @@ Zone	Asia/Hebron	2:20:23	-	LMT	1900 Oct
 # influence of the sources.  There is no current abbreviation for DST,
 # so use "PDT", the usual American style.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# From P Chan (2021-05-10):
+# Here's a fairly comprehensive article in Japanese:
+# https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/Philippine%20Time
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-10):
+# The info in the Japanese table has not been absorbed (yet) below.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Phil	1936	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Phil	1937	only	-	Feb	1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Apr	12	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -3391,12 +3591,13 @@ Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Riyadh	3:06:52 -	LMT	1947 Mar 14
 			3:00	-	+03
+Link Asia/Riyadh Antarctica/Syowa
 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden	# Yemen
 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait

 # Singapore
 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
-# http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20190822231045/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~mathelmr/teaching/timezone.html
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 			6:55:25	-	SMT	1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
@@ -3473,7 +3674,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Colombo	5:19:24 -	LMT	1880
 			5:30	-	+0530

 # Syria
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Syria	1920	1923	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Syria	1920	1923	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Syria	1962	only	-	Apr	29	2:00	1:00	S
@@ -13,17 +13,14 @@

 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	D
-Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	D
-# Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
-# says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944.  Ignore Whitman's claim that
-# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	1:00	D

 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Northern Territory
@@ -32,7 +29,7 @@ Zone Australia/Darwin	 8:43:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			 9:30	Aus	AC%sT
 # Western Australia
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
@@ -70,7 +67,7 @@ Zone Australia/Eucla	 8:35:28 -	LMT	1895 Dec
 # applies to all of the Whitsundays.
 # http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
@@ -86,7 +83,7 @@ Zone Australia/Lindeman  9:55:56 -	LMT	1895
 			10:00	Holiday	AE%sT

 # South Australia
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AS	1987	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
@@ -114,9 +111,13 @@ Zone Australia/Adelaide	9:14:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	AT	1916	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1917	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1917	1918	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1918	1919	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	Sun>=29	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
@@ -136,18 +137,12 @@ Rule	AT	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AT	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Hobart	9:49:16	-	LMT	1895 Sep
-			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
-			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT	1919 Oct 24
 			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
 			10:00	AT	AE%sT
-Zone Australia/Currie	9:35:28	-	LMT	1895 Sep
-			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
-			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
-			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971 Jul
-			10:00	AT	AE%sT

 # Victoria
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
@@ -168,7 +163,7 @@ Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			10:00	AV	AE%sT

 # New South Wales
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
@@ -197,7 +192,7 @@ Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			9:30	AS	AC%sT

 # Lord Howe Island
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
@@ -252,8 +247,9 @@ Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	-00	1899 Nov
 			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1919 Apr  1  0:00s
 			0	-	-00	1948 Mar 25
 			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
-			10:00	AT	AE%sT	2010 Apr  4  3:00
-			11:00	-	+11
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT	2010
+			10:00	1:00	AEDT	2011
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT

 # Christmas
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -380,7 +376,33 @@ Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 # From Michael Deckers (2019-08-06):
 # https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/downloadfile/848

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# From Raymond Kumar (2020-10-08):
+# [DST in Fiji] is from December 20th 2020, till 17th January 2021.
+# From Alan Mintz (2020-10-08):
+# https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/GetFile/1071
+# From Tim Parenti (2020-10-08):
+# https://www.fijivillage.com/news/Daylight-saving-from-Dec-20th-this-year-to-Jan-17th-2021-8rf4x5/
+# "Minister for Employment, Parveen Bala says they had never thought of
+# stopping daylight saving. He says it was just to decide on when it should
+# start and end.  Bala says it is a short period..."
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2021-10-11), per Jashneel Kumar (2021-10-11) and P Chan
+# (2021-10-12):
+# https://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Centre/Speeches/English/PM-BAINIMARAMA-S-COVID-19-ANNOUNCEMENT-10-10-21
+# https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/news/covid-19/curfew-moved-back-to-11pm/
+# In a 2021-10-10 speech concerning updated Covid-19 mitigation measures in
+# Fiji, prime minister Josaia Voreqe "Frank" Bainimarama announced the
+# suspension of DST for the 2021/2022 season: "Given that we are in the process
+# of readjusting in the midst of so many changes, we will also put Daylight
+# Savings Time on hold for this year. It will also make the reopening of
+# scheduled commercial air service much smoother if we don't have to be
+# concerned shifting arrival and departure times, which may look like a simple
+# thing but requires some significant logistical adjustments domestically and
+# internationally."
+# Assume for now that DST will resume with the recent pre-2020 rules for the
+# 2022/2023 season.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Fiji	1999	2000	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Fiji	2009	only	-	Nov	29	2:00	1:00	-
@@ -390,8 +412,11 @@ Rule	Fiji	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Fiji	2012	2013	-	Jan	Sun>=18	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Fiji	2014	only	-	Jan	Sun>=18	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Fiji	2014	2018	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	Fiji	2015	max	-	Jan	Sun>=12	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Fiji	2019	max	-	Nov	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Fiji	2015	2021	-	Jan	Sun>=12	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2019	only	-	Nov	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Fiji	2020	only	-	Dec	20	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Fiji	2022	max	-	Nov	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Fiji	2023	max	-	Jan	Sun>=12	3:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:55:44 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26 # Suva
 			12:00	Fiji	+12/+13
@@ -409,7 +434,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Papeete

 # Guam

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf
 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-59-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-May-6-1959.pdf
 Rule	Guam	1959	only	-	Jun	27	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -453,7 +478,7 @@ Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901 # Bairiki
 			 12:00	-	+12
-Zone Pacific/Enderbury	-11:24:20 -	LMT	1901
+Zone Pacific/Kanton	  0	-	-00	1937 Aug 31
 			-12:00	-	-12	1979 Oct
 			-11:00	-	-11	1994 Dec 31
 			 13:00	-	+13
@@ -520,7 +545,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
 			12:00	-	+12

 # New Caledonia
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	NC	1978	1979	-	Feb	27	0:00	0	-
 Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	-
@@ -535,7 +560,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa

 # New Zealand

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	NZ	1927	only	-	Nov	 6	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	NZ	1928	only	-	Mar	 4	2:00	0	M
 Rule	NZ	1928	1933	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00	0:30	S
@@ -586,13 +611,46 @@ Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland

 # Cook Is
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+#
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2021-03-24):
+# In 1899 the Cook Islands celebrated Christmas twice to correct the calendar.
+# According to the old books, missionaries were unaware of
+# the International Date line, when they came from Sydney.
+# Thus the Cook Islands were one day ahead....
+# http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-KloDisc-t1-body-d18.html
+# ... Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1900
+# https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&d=AJHR1900-I.2.1.2.3
+# (page 20)
+#
+# From Michael Deckers (2021-03-24):
+# ... in the Cook Island Act of 1915-10-11, online at
+# http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/ck-nz_act/cia1915132/
+# "651. The hour of the day shall in each of the islands included in the
+#  Cook Islands be determined in accordance with the meridian of that island."
+# so that local (mean?) time was still used in Rarotonga (and Niue) in 1915.
+# This was changed in the Cook Island Amendment Act of 1952-10-16 ...
+# http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/ck-nz_act/ciaa1952212/
+# "651 (1) The hour of the day in each of the islands included in the Cook
+#  Islands, other than Niue, shall be determined as if each island were
+#  situated on the meridian one hundred and fifty-seven degrees thirty minutes
+#  West of Greenwich.  (2) The hour of the day in the Island of Niue shall be
+#  determined as if that island were situated on the meridian one hundred and
+#  seventy degrees West of Greenwich."
+# This act does not state when it takes effect, so one has to assume it
+# applies since 1952-10-16.  But there is the possibility that the act just
+# legalized prior existing practice, as we had seen with the Guernsey law of
+# 1913-06-18 for the switch in 1909-04-19.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-03-24):
+# Transitions after 1952 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	-
 Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901        # Avarua
+Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	13:20:56 -	LMT	1899 Dec 26 # Avarua
+			-10:39:04 -	LMT	1952 Oct 16
 			-10:30	-	-1030	1978 Nov 12
 			-10:00	Cook	-10/-0930

@@ -600,10 +658,18 @@ Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901        # Avarua


 # Niue
+# See Pacific/Raratonga comments for 1952 transition.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13):
+# Consecutive contemporaneous editions of The Air Almanac listed -11:20 for
+# Niue as of Apr 1964 but -11 as of Aug 1964:
+#   Apr 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=_1So677Y5vUC&pg=SL1-PA23
+#   Aug 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=MbJloqd-zyUC&pg=SL1-PA23
+# Without greater specificity, guess 1964-07-01 for this transition.
+
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1901        # Alofi
-			-11:20	-	-1120	1951
-			-11:30	-	-1130	1978 Oct  1
+Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1952 Oct 16	# Alofi
+			-11:20	-	-1120	1964 Jul
 			-11:00	-	-11

 # Norfolk
@@ -627,6 +693,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Palau	-15:02:04 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31	# Koror
 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
 			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
 			10:00	-	+10
+Link Pacific/Port_Moresby Antarctica/DumontDUrville
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
 # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
@@ -731,13 +798,17 @@ Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
 # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
 # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
+#
+# From Geoffrey D. Bennett (2021-09-20):
+# https://www.mcil.gov.ws/storage/2021/09/MCIL-Scan_20210920_120553.pdf
+# DST has been cancelled for this year.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	WS	2010	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1	-
 Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	4:00	0	-
 Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Sep	lastSat	3:00	1	-
-Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	-
-Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	-
+Rule	WS	2012	2021	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	-
+Rule	WS	2012	2020	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
 			-11:26:56 -	LMT	1911
@@ -776,7 +847,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Fakaofo	-11:24:56 -	LMT	1901
 			13:00	-	+13

 # Tonga
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Tonga	1999	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	Tonga	2000	only	-	Mar	19	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Tonga	2000	2001	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
@@ -784,8 +855,8 @@ Rule	Tonga	2001	2002	-	Jan	lastSun	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Tonga	2016	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Tonga	2017	only	-	Jan	Sun>=15	3:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:20 -	LMT	1901
-			12:20	-	+1220	1941
+Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:12 -	LMT	1945 Sep 10
+			12:20	-	+1220	1961
 			13:00	-	+13	1999
 			13:00	Tonga	+13/+14

@@ -857,13 +928,36 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wake	11:06:28 -	LMT	1901


 # Vanuatu
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Vanuatu	1983	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	1:00	-
-Rule	Vanuatu	1984	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Vanuatu	1984	only	-	Oct	23	0:00	1:00	-
-Rule	Vanuatu	1985	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	-
-Rule	Vanuatu	1992	1993	-	Jan	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	-
+
+# From P Chan (2020-11-27):
+# Joint Daylight Saving Regulation No 59 of 1973
+# New Hebrides Condominium Gazette No 336. December 1973
+# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUNHGovGaz//1973/11.pdf#page=15
+#
+# Joint Daylight Saving (Repeal) Regulation No 10 of 1974
+# New Hebrides Condominium Gazette No 336. March 1974
+# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUNHGovGaz//1974/3.pdf#page=11
+#
+# Summer Time Act No. 35 of 1982 [commenced 1983-09-01]
+# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUGovGaz/1982/32.pdf#page=48
+#
+# Summer Time Act (Cap 157)
+# Laws of the Republic of Vanuatu Revised Edition 1988
+# http://www.paclii.org/cgi-bin/sinodisp/vu/legis/consol_act1988/sta147/sta147.html
+#
+# Summer Time (Amendment) Act No. 6 of 1991 [commenced 1991-11-11]
+# http://www.paclii.org/vu/legis/num_act/sta1991227/
+#
+# Summer Time (Repeal) Act No. 4 of 1993 [commenced 1993-05-03]
+# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUGovGaz/1993/15.pdf#page=59
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Vanuatu	1973	only	-	Dec	22	12:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Vanuatu	1974	only	-	Mar	30	12:00u	0	-
+Rule	Vanuatu	1983	1991	-	Sep	Sat>=22	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Vanuatu	1984	1991	-	Mar	Sat>=22	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Vanuatu	1992	1993	-	Jan	Sat>=22	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sat>=22	24:00	1:00	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Vila
 			11:00	Vanuatu	+11/+12
@@ -942,6 +1036,25 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
 # http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm

+# From P Chan (2020-11-20):
+# Daylight Saving Act 1916 (No. 40 of 1916) [1916-12-21, commenced 1917-01-01]
+# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/dsa1916401916192/
+#
+# Daylight Saving Repeal Act 1917 (No. 35 of 1917) [1917-09-25]
+# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/dsra1917351917243/
+#
+# Statutory Rules 1941, No. 323 [1941-12-24]
+# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1941L00323
+#
+# Statutory Rules 1942, No. 392 [1942-09-10]
+# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1942L00392
+#
+# Statutory Rules 1943, No. 241 [1943-09-29]
+# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1943L00241
+#
+# All transition times should be 02:00 standard time.
+
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
@@ -1334,6 +1447,27 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901

 # Tasmania

+# From P Chan (2020-11-20):
+# Tasmania observed DST in 1916-1919.
+#
+# Daylight Saving Act, 1916 (7 Geo V, No 2) [1916-09-22]
+# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsa19167gvn2267/
+#
+# Daylight Saving Amendment Act, 1917 (8 Geo V, No 5) [1917-10-01]
+# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsaa19178gvn5347/
+#
+# Daylight Saving Act Repeal Act, 1919 (10 Geo V, No 9) [1919-10-24]
+# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsara191910gvn9339/
+#
+# King Island is mentioned in the 1967 Act but not the 1968 Act.
+# Therefore it possibly observed DST from 1968/69.
+#
+# Daylight Saving Act 1967 (No. 33 of 1967) [1967-09-22]
+# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/dsa196733o1967211/
+#
+# Daylight Saving Act 1968 (No. 42 of 1968) [1968-10-15]
+# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/dsa196842o1968211/
+
 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # #  The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
@@ -1664,6 +1798,23 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All:
 # The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007).

+# Kanton
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-27):
+# Kiribati's +13 timezone is represented by Kanton, its only populated
+# island.  (It was formerly spelled "Canton", but Gilbertese lacks "C".)
+# Kanton was settled on 1937-08-31 by two British radio operators
+# <https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1937v02/d94>;
+# Americans came the next year and built an airfield, partly to
+# establish airline service and perhaps partly anticipating the
+# next war.  Aside from the war, the airfield was used by commercial
+# airlines until long-range jets became standard; although currently
+# for emergency use only, China says it is considering rebuilding the
+# airfield for high-end niche tourism.  Kanton has about two dozen
+# people, caretakers who rotate in from the rest of Kiribati in 2-5
+# year shifts, and who use some of the leftover structures
+# <http://pipa.neaq.org/2012/06/images-of-kanton-island.html>.
+
 # Kwajalein

 # From an AP article (1993-08-22):
@@ -1947,6 +2098,17 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901

 # Tonga

+# From Paul Eggert (2021-03-04):
+# In 1943 "The standard time kept is 12 hrs. 19 min. 12 sec. fast
+# on Greenwich mean time." according to the Admiralty's Hydrographic
+# Dept., Pacific Islands Pilot, Vol. II, 7th ed., 1943, p 360.
+
+# From Michael Deckers (2021-03-03):
+# [Ian R Bartky: "One Time Fits All: The Campaigns for Global Uniformity".
+# Stanford University Press. 2007. p. 255]:
+# On 10 September 1945 Tonga adopted a standard time 12 hours,
+# 20 minutes in advance of Greenwich.
+
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
@@ -1975,9 +2137,26 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
 # to say your prayers in the morning."
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13), per Paul Eggert (2006-03-22) and Michael
+# Deckers (2021-03-03):
+# Mundell places the transition from +12:20 to +13 in 1941, while Shanks &
+# Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01.
+#
+# The Air Almanac published contemporaneous tables of standard times,
+# which listed +12:20 as of Nov 1960 and +13 as of Mar 1961:
+#   Nov 1960: https://books.google.com/books?id=bVgtWM6kPZUC&pg=SL1-PA19
+#   Mar 1961: https://books.google.com/books?id=W2nItAul4g0C&pg=SL1-PA19
+# (Thanks to P Chan for pointing us toward these sources.)
+# This agrees with Bartky, who writes that "since 1961 [Tonga's] official time
+# has been thirteen hours in advance of Greenwich time" (p. 202) and further
+# writes in an endnote that this was because "the legislation was amended" on
+# 1960-10-19. (p. 255)
+#
+# Without greater specificity, presume that Bartky and the Air Almanac point to
+# a 1961-01-01 transition, as Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV was still Crown Prince in
+# 1961 and this still jives with the gist of Mundell's telling, and go with
+# this over Shanks & Pottenger.

 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

-# This file provides links between current names for timezones
-# and their old names.  Many names changed in late 1993.
+# This file provides links from old or merged timezone names to current ones.
+# Many names changed in late 1993.  Several of these names are
+# also present in the file 'backzone', which has data important only
+# for pre-1970 timestamps and so is out of scope for tzdb proper.

 # Link	TARGET			LINK-NAME
 Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Asmera
@@ -13,7 +15,7 @@ Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia
 Link	America/Adak		America/Atka
 Link	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	America/Buenos_Aires
 Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Catamarca
-Link	America/Atikokan	America/Coral_Harbour
+Link	America/Panama		America/Coral_Harbour
 Link	America/Argentina/Cordoba	America/Cordoba
 Link	America/Tijuana		America/Ensenada
 Link	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	America/Fort_Wayne
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ Link	America/Rio_Branco	America/Porto_Acre
 Link	America/Argentina/Cordoba	America/Rosario
 Link	America/Tijuana		America/Santa_Isabel
 Link	America/Denver		America/Shiprock
-Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Virgin
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Virgin
 Link	Pacific/Auckland	Antarctica/South_Pole
 Link	Asia/Ashgabat		Asia/Ashkhabad
 Link	Asia/Kolkata		Asia/Calcutta
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ Link	Atlantic/Faroe		Atlantic/Faeroe
 Link	Europe/Oslo		Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
 Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/ACT
 Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/Canberra
+Link	Australia/Hobart	Australia/Currie
 Link	Australia/Lord_Howe	Australia/LHI
 Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/NSW
 Link	Australia/Darwin	Australia/North
@@ -102,6 +105,7 @@ Link	Pacific/Auckland	NZ
 Link	Pacific/Chatham		NZ-CHAT
 Link	America/Denver		Navajo
 Link	Asia/Shanghai		PRC
+Link	Pacific/Kanton		Pacific/Enderbury
 Link	Pacific/Honolulu	Pacific/Johnston
 Link	Pacific/Pohnpei		Pacific/Ponape
 Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Pacific/Samoa
@@ -68,6 +68,91 @@
 #
 # As explained in the zic man page, the zone columns are:
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# and the rule columns are:
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+
+
+# Ghana
+
+# From P Chan (2020-11-20):
+# Interpretation Amendment Ordinance, 1915 (No.24 of 1915) [1915-11-02]
+# Ordinances of the Gold Coast, Ashanti, Northern Territories 1915, p 69-71
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=ErA-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA70
+# This Ordinance added "'Time' shall mean Greenwich Mean Time" to the
+# Interpretation Ordinance, 1876.
+#
+# Determination of the Time Ordinance, 1919 (No. 18 of 1919) [1919-11-24]
+# Ordinances of the Gold Coast, Ashanti, Northern Territories 1919, p 75-76
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=MbA-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA75
+# This Ordinance removed the previous definition of time and introduced DST.
+#
+# Time Determination Ordinance (Cap. 214)
+# The Laws of the Gold Coast (including Togoland Under British Mandate)
+# Vol. II (1937), p 2328
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7M-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA2328
+# Revised edition of the 1919 Ordinance.
+#
+# Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance, 1940 (No. 9 of 1940) [1940-04-06]
+# Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
+# Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1940, p 22
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=1ao-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA22
+# This Ordinance changed the forward transition from September to May.
+#
+# Defence (Time Determination Ordinance Amendment) Regulations, 1942
+# (Regulations No. 6 of 1942) [1942-01-31, commenced on 1942-02-08]
+# Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
+# Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1942, p 48
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=Das-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA48
+# These regulations advanced the [standard] time by thirty minutes.
+#
+# Defence (Time Determination Ordinance Amendment (No.2)) Regulations,
+# 1942 (Regulations No. 28 of 1942) [1942-04-25]
+# Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
+# Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1942, p 87
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=Das-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA87
+# These regulations abolished DST and changed the time to GMT+0:30.
+#
+# Defence (Revocation) (No.4) Regulations, 1945 (Regulations No. 45 of
+# 1945) [1945-10-24, commenced on 1946-01-06]
+# Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
+# Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1945, p 256
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=9as-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA256
+# These regulations revoked the previous two sets of Regulations.
+#
+# Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance, 1945 (No. 18 of 1945) [1946-01-06]
+# Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
+# Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1945, p 69
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=9as-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA69
+# This Ordinance abolished DST.
+#
+# Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance, 1950 (No. 26 of 1950) [1950-07-22]
+# Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
+# Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1950, p 35
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=e60-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA35
+# This Ordinance restored DST but with thirty minutes offset.
+#
+# Time Determination Ordinance (Cap. 264)
+# The Laws of the Gold Coast, Vol. V (1954), p 380
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=Mqc-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA380
+# Revised edition of the Time Determination Ordinance.
+#
+# Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance, 1956 (No. 21 of 1956) [1956-08-29]
+# Annual Volume of the Ordinances of the Gold Coast Enacted During the
+# Year 1956, p 83
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=VLE-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA83
+# This Ordinance abolished DST.
+
+Rule	Ghana	1919	only	-	Nov	24	0:00	0:20	+0020
+Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Jan	 1	2:00	0	GMT
+Rule	Ghana	1920	1939	-	Sep	 1	2:00	0:20	+0020
+Rule	Ghana	1940	1941	-	May	 1	2:00	0:20	+0020
+Rule	Ghana	1950	1955	-	Sep	 1	2:00	0:30	+0030
+Rule	Ghana	1951	1956	-	Jan	 1	2:00	0	GMT
+
+Zone	Africa/Accra	-0:00:52 -	LMT	1915 Nov  2
+			 0:00	Ghana	%s	1942 Feb  8
+			 0:30	-	+0030	1946 Jan  6
+			 0:00	Ghana	%s

 # Ethiopia
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-31):
@@ -101,14 +186,36 @@ Zone	Africa/Bamako	-0:32:00 -	LMT	1912
 Zone	Africa/Bangui	1:14:20	-	LMT	1912
 			1:00	-	WAT

-# Gambia
+# The Gambia
+# From P Chan (2020-12-09):
+# Standard time of GMT-1 was adopted on 1933-04-01.  On 1942-02-01, GMT was
+# adopted as a war time measure.  This was made permanent in 1946.
+#
+# Interpretation Ordinance, 1914 (No. 12 of 1914) [1914-09-29]
+# Interpretation Ordinance, 1933 (No. 10 of 1933) [1933-03-31]
+# Notice No. 5 of 1942, Colony of the Gambia Government Gazette, Vol. LIX,
+# No.2, 1942-01-15, p 2
+# Interpretation (Amendment) Ordinance, 1946 (No. 3 of 1946) [1946-07-15]
 Zone	Africa/Banjul	-1:06:36 -	LMT	1912
-			-1:06:36 -	BMT	1935 # Banjul Mean Time
-			-1:00	-	-01	1964
+			-1:06:36 -	BMT	1933 Apr  1 # Banjul Mean Time
+			-1:00	-	-01	1942 Feb  1  0:00
 			 0:00	-	GMT

 # Malawi
-Zone	Africa/Blantyre	2:20:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+# From P Chan (2020-12-09):
+# In 1911, Zomba mean time was adopted as the legal time of Nyasaland.  In
+# 1914, Zomba mean time switched from GMT+2:21:10 to GMT+2:21. On 1925-07-01,
+# GMT+2 was adopted.
+#
+# Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance, 1911 (No. 12 of 1911)
+# [1911-07-24]
+# Notice No. 124 of 1914, 1914-06-30, The Nyasaland Government Gazette, Vol.
+# XXI, No. 8, 1914-06-30, p 122
+# Interpretation and General Clauses (Amendment) Ordinance, 1925 (No. 3 of
+# 1925) [1925-04-02]
+Zone	Africa/Blantyre	2:20:00 -	LMT	1911 Jul 24
+			2:21:10	-	ZMT	1914 Jun 30 # Zomba Mean Time
+			2:21	-	ZMT	1925 Jul  1
 			2:00	-	CAT

 # Republic of the Congo
@@ -145,19 +252,49 @@ Zone	Africa/Djibouti	2:52:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul
 Zone	Africa/Douala	0:38:48	-	LMT	1912
 			1:00	-	WAT
 # Sierra Leone
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
-# The following table is from Shanks & Pottenger, but it can't be right.
-# Whitman gives Mar 31 - Aug 31 for 1931 on.
-# The International Hydrographic Bulletin, 1932-33, p 63 says that
-# Sierra Leone would advance its clocks by 20 minutes on 1933-10-01.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Jun	 1	0:00	0:40	-0020
-Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-01
-Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	+01
-Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	GMT
+# From P Chan (2020-12-09):
+# Standard time of GMT-1 was adopted on 1913-07-01.  Twenty minutes of DST was
+# introduce[d] in 1932 and was suspended in 1939.  In 1941, GMT was adopted by
+# Defence Regulations.  This was made permanent in 1946.
+#
+# Government Notice No. 121 of 1913, 1913-06-06, Sierra Leone Royal Gazette,
+# Vol. XLIV, No. 1384, 1913-06-14, p 347
+# Alteration of Time Ordinance, 1932 (No. 34 of 1932) [1932-12-01]
+# Alteration of Time (Amendment) Ordinance, 1938 (No. 25 of 1938) [1938-11-24]
+# Defence Regulations (No. 9), 1939 (Regulations No. 9 of 1939), 1939-09-05
+# Defence Regulations (No. 11), 1939 (Regulations No. 11 of 1939), 1939-09-27
+# Defence (Amendment) (No. 17) Regulations, 1941 (Public Notice No. 157 of
+# 1941), 1914-12-04
+# Alteration of Time (Amendment) Ordinance, 1946 (No. 2 of 1946) [1946-02-07]
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2021-03-02), per P Chan (2021-02-25):
+# For Sierra Leone in 1957-1962, the standard time was defined in the
+# Alteration of Time Ordinance, 1932 (as amended in 1946, renamed to Local Time
+# Ordinance in 1960 and Local Time Act in 1961). It was unamended throughout
+# that period.  See references to "Time" in the Alphabetical Index of the
+# Legislation in force on the 31st day of December,
+#   1957: https://books.google.com/books?id=lvQ-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA49
+#   1958: https://books.google.com/books?id=4fQ-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA50
+#   1959: https://books.google.com/books?id=p_U-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA55
+#   1960: https://books.google.com/books?id=JPY-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA37
+#   1961: https://books.google.com/books?id=7vY-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA41
+#   1962: https://books.google.com/books?id=W_c-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA44
+#   1963: https://books.google.com/books?id=9vk-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA47
+#
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger had DST from Jun 1 00:00 to Sep 1 00:00 in this
+# period, many contemporaneous almanacs agree that it wasn't used:
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2021-February/029866.html
+# Go with the above.
+
+Rule	SL	1932	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	0:20	-0040
+Rule	SL	1933	1938	-	Mar	31	24:00	0	-01
+Rule	SL	1933	1939	-	Aug	31	24:00	0:20	-0040
+Rule	SL	1939	only	-	May	31	24:00	0	-01
+
 Zone	Africa/Freetown	-0:53:00 -	LMT	1882
-			-0:53:00 -	FMT	1913 Jun # Freetown Mean Time
-			-1:00	SL	%s	1957
+			-0:53:00 -	FMT	1913 Jul  1 # Freetown MT
+			-1:00	SL	%s	1939 Sep  5
+			-1:00	-	-01	1941 Dec  6 24:00
 			 0:00	SL	GMT/+01

 # Botswana
@@ -209,7 +346,15 @@ Zone	Africa/Luanda	0:52:56	-	LMT	1892
 			1:00	-	WAT

 # Democratic Republic of the Congo (east)
-Zone Africa/Lubumbashi	1:49:52 -	LMT	1897 Nov 9
+#
+# From Alois Treindl (2022-02-28):
+# My main source for its time zone history is
+# Henri le Corre, Régimes horaires pour l'Europe et l'Afrique.
+# Shanks follows le Corre.  As does Françoise Schneider-Gauquelin in her book
+# Problèmes de l'heure résolus pour le monde entier.
+#
+Zone Africa/Lubumbashi	1:49:52 -	LMT	1897 Nov  9
+			1:00	-	WAT	1920 Apr 25
 			2:00	-	CAT

 # Zambia
@@ -298,6 +443,85 @@ Zone	America/Aruba	-4:40:24 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12 # Oranjestad
 			-4:30	-	-0430	1965
 			-4:00	-	AST

+# Atikokan, Ontario
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1997-10-17):
+# Mark Brader writes that an article in the 1997-10-14 Toronto Star
+# says that Atikokan, Ontario currently does not observe DST,
+# but will vote on 11-10 whether to use EST/EDT.
+# He also writes that the Ontario Time Act (1990, Chapter T.9)
+# http://www.gov.on.ca/MBS/english/publications/statregs/conttext.html
+# says that Ontario east of 90W uses EST/EDT, and west of 90W uses CST/CDT.
+# Officially Atikokan is therefore on CST/CDT, and most likely this report
+# concerns a non-official time observed as a matter of local practice.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that Atikokan, Pickle Lake, and
+# New Osnaburgh observe CST all year, that Big Trout Lake observes
+# CST/CDT, and that Upsala and Shebandowan observe EST/EDT, all in
+# violation of the official Ontario rules.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-07-09):
+# Chris Walton (2006-07-06) mentioned an article by Stephanie MacLellan in the
+# 2005-07-21 Chronicle-Journal, which said:
+#
+#	The clocks in Atikokan stay set on standard time year-round.
+#	This means they spend about half the time on central time and
+#	the other half on eastern time.
+#
+#	For the most part, the system works, Mayor Dennis Brown said.
+#
+#	"The majority of businesses in Atikokan deal more with Eastern
+#	Canada, but there are some that deal with Western Canada," he
+#	said.  "I don't see any changes happening here."
+#
+# Walton also writes "Supposedly Pickle Lake and Mishkeegogamang
+# [New Osnaburgh] follow the same practice."
+
+# From Garry McKinnon (2006-07-14) via Chris Walton:
+# I chatted with a member of my board who has an outstanding memory
+# and a long history in Atikokan (and in the telecom industry) and he
+# can say for certain that Atikokan has been practicing the current
+# time keeping since 1952, at least.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-07-17):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that Atikokan has agreed with Rainy River
+# ever since standard time was introduced, but the information from
+# McKinnon sounds more authoritative.  For now, assume that Atikokan
+# switched to EST immediately after WWII era daylight saving time
+# ended.  This matches the old (less-populous) America/Coral_Harbour
+# entry since our cutoff date of 1970, so we can move
+# America/Coral_Harbour to the 'backward' file.
+
+Zone America/Atikokan	-6:06:28 -	LMT	1895
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1940 Sep 29
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1945 Sep 30  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST
+
+# Quebec east of Natashquan
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-09):
+# H. David Matthews and Mary Vincent's map
+# "It's about TIME", _Canadian Geographic_ (September-October 1998)
+# http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/SO98/alacarte.asp
+# says that Quebec east of the -63 meridian is supposed to observe
+# AST, but residents as far east as Natashquan use EST/EDT, and
+# residents east of Natashquan use AST.
+# The Quebec department of justice writes in
+# "The situation in Minganie and Basse-Côte-Nord"
+# https://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/en/department/ministre/functions-and-responsabilities/legal-time-in-quebec/the-situation-in-minganie-and-basse-cote-nord/
+# that the coastal strip from just east of Natashquan to Blanc-Sablon
+# observes Atlantic standard time all year round.
+# This common practice was codified into law as of 2007; see Legal Time Act,
+# CQLR c T-5.1 <http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/ShowDoc/cs/T-5.1>.
+# For lack of better info, guess this practice began around 1970, contra to
+# Shanks & Pottenger who have this region observing AST/ADT.
+
+Zone America/Blanc-Sablon -3:48:28 -	LMT	1884
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1970
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
 # Cayman Is
 Zone	America/Cayman	-5:25:32 -	LMT	1890     # Georgetown
 			-5:07:10 -	KMT	1912 Feb # Kingston Mean Time
@@ -318,6 +542,85 @@ Zone America/Coral_Harbour -5:32:40 -	LMT	1884
 			-5:00	NT_YK	E%sT	1946
 			-5:00	-	EST

+# From Chris Walton (2011-12-01):
+# There are two areas within the Canadian province of British Columbia
+# that do not currently observe daylight saving:
+# a) The Creston Valley (includes the town of Creston and surrounding area)
+# b) The eastern half of the Peace River Regional District
+# (includes the cities of Dawson Creek and Fort St. John)
+
+# Earlier this year I stumbled across a detailed article about the time
+# keeping history of Creston; it was written by Tammy Hardwick who is the
+# manager of the Creston & District Museum. The article was written in May 2009.
+# http://www.ilovecreston.com/?p=articles&t=spec&ar=260
+# According to the article, Creston has not changed its clocks since June 1918.
+# i.e. Creston has been stuck on UT-7 for 93 years.
+# Dawson Creek, on the other hand, changed its clocks as recently as April 1972.
+
+# Unfortunately the exact date for the time change in June 1918 remains
+# unknown and will be difficult to ascertain.  I e-mailed Tammy a few months
+# ago to ask if Sunday June 2 was a reasonable guess.  She said it was just
+# as plausible as any other date (in June).  She also said that after writing
+# the article she had discovered another time change in 1916; this is the
+# subject of another article which she wrote in October 2010.
+# http://www.creston.museum.bc.ca/index.php?module=comments&uop=view_comment&cm+id=56
+
+# Here is a summary of the three clock change events in Creston's history:
+# 1. 1884 or 1885: adoption of Mountain Standard Time (GMT-7)
+# Exact date unknown
+# 2. Oct 1916: switch to Pacific Standard Time (GMT-8)
+# Exact date in October unknown; Sunday October 1 is a reasonable guess.
+# 3. June 1918: switch to Pacific Daylight Time (GMT-7)
+# Exact date in June unknown; Sunday June 2 is a reasonable guess.
+# note 1:
+# On Oct 27/1918 when daylight saving ended in the rest of Canada,
+# Creston did not change its clocks.
+# note 2:
+# During WWII when the Federal Government legislated a mandatory clock change,
+# Creston did not oblige.
+# note 3:
+# There is no guarantee that Creston will remain on Mountain Standard Time
+# (UTC-7) forever.
+# The subject was debated at least once this year by the town Council.
+# http://www.bclocalnews.com/kootenay_rockies/crestonvalleyadvance/news/116760809.html
+
+# During a period WWII, summer time (Daylight saying) was mandatory in Canada.
+# In Creston, that was handled by shifting the area to PST (-8:00) then applying
+# summer time to cause the offset to be -7:00, the same as it had been before
+# the change.  It can be argued that the timezone abbreviation during this
+# period should be PDT rather than MST, but that doesn't seem important enough
+# (to anyone) to further complicate the rules.
+
+# The transition dates (and times) are guesses.
+
+Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
+			-7:00	-	MST	1916 Oct 1
+			-8:00	-	PST	1918 Jun 2
+			-7:00	-	MST
+
+# Curaçao
+# Milne gives 4:35:46.9 for Curaçao mean time; round to nearest.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that The Bottom and Philipsburg have been at
+# -4:00 since standard time was introduced on 1912-03-02; and that
+# Kralendijk and Rincon used Kralendijk Mean Time (-4:33:08) from
+# 1912-02-02 to 1965-01-01.  The former is dubious, since S&P also say
+# Saba Island has been like Curaçao.
+# This all predates our 1970 cutoff, though.
+#
+# By July 2007 Curaçao and St Maarten are planned to become
+# associated states within the Netherlands, much like Aruba;
+# Bonaire, Saba and St Eustatius would become directly part of the
+# Netherlands as Kingdom Islands.  This won't affect their time zones
+# though, as far as we know.
+#
+Zone	America/Curacao	-4:35:47 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12 # Willemstad
+			-4:30	-	-0430	1965
+			-4:00	-	AST
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Kralendijk
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Lower_Princes
+
 # Dominica
 Zone America/Dominica	-4:05:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul  1  0:01 # Roseau
 			-4:00	-	AST
@@ -340,6 +643,7 @@ Zone	America/Grenada	-4:07:00 -	LMT	1911 Jul # St George's
 Zone America/Guadeloupe	-4:06:08 -	LMT	1911 Jun  8 # Pointe-à-Pitre
 			-4:00	 -	AST

+
 # Canada
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2015-03-24):
@@ -351,7 +655,6 @@ Zone America/Guadeloupe	-4:06:08 -	LMT	1911 Jun  8 # Pointe-à-Pitre
 # Pottenger data.  The post-1970 entries have been corrected, but the
 # pre-1970 entries are unchecked and probably have errors.
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Apr	24	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Mar	31	2:30	1:00	D
@@ -387,6 +690,48 @@ Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
 Zone America/Montserrat	-4:08:52 -	LMT	1911 Jul  1  0:01 # Cork Hill
 			-4:00	-	AST

+# The Bahamas
+#
+# For 1899 Milne gives -5:09:29.5; round that.
+#
+# From P Chan (2020-11-27, corrected on 2020-12-02):
+# There were two periods of DST observed in 1942-1945: 1942-05-01
+# midnight to 1944-12-31 midnight and 1945-02-01 to 1945-10-17 midnight.
+# "midnight" should mean 24:00 from the context.
+#
+# War Time Order 1942 [1942-05-01] and War Time (No. 2) Order 1942  [1942-09-29]
+# Appendix to the Statutes of 7 George VI. and the Year 1942. p 34, 43
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=5rlNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA34
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=5rlNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA43
+#
+# War Time Order 1943 [1943-03-31] and War Time Order 1944 [1943-12-29]
+# Appendix to the Statutes of 8 George VI. and the Year 1943. p 9-10, 28-29
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=5rlNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA4-PA9
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=5rlNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA4-PA28
+#
+# War Time Order 1945 [1945-01-31] and the Order which revoke War Time Order
+# 1945 [1945-10-16] Appendix to the Statutes of 9 George VI. and the Year
+# 1945. p 160, 247-248
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=5rlNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA6-PA160
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=5rlNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA6-PA247
+#
+# From Sue Williams (2006-12-07):
+# The Bahamas announced about a month ago that they plan to change their DST
+# rules to sync with the U.S. starting in 2007....
+# http://www.jonesbahamas.com/?c=45&a=10412
+
+Rule	Bahamas	1942	only	-	May	 1	24:00	1:00	W
+Rule	Bahamas	1944	only	-	Dec	31	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Bahamas	1945	only	-	Feb	 1	0:00	1:00	W
+Rule	Bahamas	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
+Rule	Bahamas	1945	only	-	Oct	17	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Bahamas	1964	1975	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Bahamas	1964	1975	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+
+Zone	America/Nassau	-5:09:30 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
+			-5:00	Bahamas	E%sT	1976
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+
 # United States
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-03-18):
@@ -411,6 +756,12 @@ Zone America/Montserrat	-4:08:52 -	LMT	1911 Jul  1  0:01 # Cork Hill
 # https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19470110
 # front page reports on end.

+# Trinidad and Tobago
+Zone America/Port_of_Spain -4:06:04 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
+			-4:00	-	AST
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Marigot
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Barthelemy
+
 # Argentina
 # This entry was intended for the following areas, but has been superseded by
 # more detailed zones.
@@ -434,9 +785,10 @@ Zone America/St_Lucia	-4:04:00 -	LMT	1890 # Castries
 			-4:04:00 -	CMT	1912 # Castries Mean Time
 			-4:00	-	AST

-# Virgin Is
+# US Virgin Is
 Zone America/St_Thomas	-4:19:44 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Charlotte Amalie
 			-4:00	-	AST
+Link America/St_Thomas America/Virgin

 # St Vincent and the Grenadines
 Zone America/St_Vincent	-4:04:56 -	LMT	1890 # Kingstown
@@ -447,11 +799,36 @@ Zone America/St_Vincent	-4:04:56 -	LMT	1890 # Kingstown
 Zone America/Tortola	-4:18:28 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Road Town
 			-4:00	-	AST

+# Dumont d'Urville, Île des Pétrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
+# <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumont_d'Urville_Station> (2005-12-05)
+#
+# Another base at Port-Martin, 50km east, began operation in 1947.
+# It was destroyed by fire on 1952-01-14.
+#
+Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	-00	1947
+			10:00	-	+10	1952 Jan 14
+			0	-	-00	1956 Nov
+			10:00	-	+10
+
 # McMurdo, Ross Island, since 1955-12
 Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	-00	1956
 			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
 Link Antarctica/McMurdo Antarctica/South_Pole

+# Syowa, Antarctica
+#
+# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1999-02-06):
+# In all Japanese stations, +0300 is used as the standard time.
+#
+# Syowa station, which is the first antarctic station of Japan,
+# was established on 1957-01-29.  Since Syowa station is still the main
+# station of Japan, it's appropriate for the principal location.
+# See:
+# NIPR Antarctic Research Activities (1999-08-17)
+# http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/ara01.html
+Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	-00	1957 Jan 29
+			3:00	-	+03
+
 # Yemen
 # Milne says 2:59:54 was the meridian of the saluting battery at Aden,
 # and that Yemen was at 1:55:56, the meridian of the Hagia Sophia.
@@ -459,7 +836,34 @@ Zone	Asia/Aden	2:59:54	-	LMT	1950
 			3:00	-	+03

 # Bahrain
-Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920     # Manamah
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2020-07-23):
+# Most of this data comes from:
+# Stewart A. Why Gulf Standard Time is far from standard: the fascinating story
+# behind the time zone's invention. The National (Abu Dhabi). 2020-07-22.
+# https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/why-gulf-standard-time-is-far-from-standard-the-fascinating-story-behind-the-time-zone-s-invention-1.1052589
+# Stewart writes that before 1941 some companies in Bahrain were at +0330 and
+# others at +0323.  Reginald George Alban, a British political agent based in
+# Manama, worked to standardize this, and from 1941-07-20 Bahrain was at
+# +0330.  However, BOAC asked that clocks be moved to gain more light at day's
+# end, so Bahrain switched to +04 on 1944-01-01.
+#
+# Re the 1941 transition, Stewart privately sent me this citation:
+# "File 16/53 Enquiries Re: Calculation of Local Time", British Library: India
+# Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/R/15/2/1564, in Qatar Digital Library
+# https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100000000282.0x00012b
+# It says there was no real standard in Bahrain before 1941-07-20.
+# +0330 was used by steamers of the British India Co, by Petroleum Concessions
+# and by Cable & Wireless; +0323 was used by the Eastern Bank Ltd, BOAC, and
+# Bahrein Petroleum (Bapco), and California Arabian Standard Oil Co (Casoc)
+# adopted DST effective 1941-05-24.  Alban suggested adopting DST, R.B. Coomb
+# of C&W countersuggested +0330, and although C.A. Rodstrom of Casoc (formerly
+# of Bapco) stated that Bahrain had formerly used +0330 before Bapco arrived
+# but Bapco switched to +0323 because of "constant confusion", the consensus
+# was +0330.  The government adopted +0330 in 1941-07-20 and companies seem to
+# have switched by 08-01.  No time of day was given for the 1940s transitions.
+Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1941 Jul 20  # Manamah
+			3:30	-	+0330	1944 Jan  1
 			4:00	-	+04	1972 Jun
 			3:00	-	+03

@@ -596,6 +1000,12 @@ Zone Atlantic/St_Helena	-0:22:48 -	LMT	1890 # Jamestown
 			-0:22:48 -	JMT	1951 # Jamestown Mean Time
 			 0:00	-	GMT

+# King Island
+Zone Australia/Currie	9:35:28	-	LMT	1895 Sep
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT	1919 Oct 24
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1968 Oct 15
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT
+
 # Northern Ireland
 Zone	Europe/Belfast	-0:23:40 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
 			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00
@@ -678,6 +1088,8 @@ Zone	Europe/Skopje	1:25:44	-	LMT	1884
 			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT

+
+
 # Moldova / Transnistria
 Zone	Europe/Tiraspol	1:58:32	-	LMT	1880
 			1:55	-	CMT	1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
@@ -716,10 +1128,22 @@ Zone	Indian/Comoro	2:53:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Moroni, Gran Comoro
 Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Mamoutzou
 			3:00	-	EAT

-# US minor outlying islands
+# Phoenix Islands, Kiribati
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-27):
+# Enderbury was inhabited 1860/1880s to mine guano, and 1938-03-06/1942-02-09
+# for aviation (ostensibly commercial, but military uses foreseen).
+# The 19th-century dates are approximate.  See Pacific/Kanton for
+# the currently-inhabited representative for this timezone.
+Zone Pacific/Enderbury	0	-	-00	1860
+			-11:24:20 -	LMT	1885
+			0	-	-00	1938 Mar  6
+			-12:00	-	-12	1942 Feb  9
+			0	-	-00
+
+# Johnston
 Zone Pacific/Johnston	-10:00	-	HST

-# US minor outlying islands
+# Midway
 #
 # From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
 # [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
@@ -742,3 +1166,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Saipan	-14:17:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 			 9:00	-	+09	1969 Oct
 			10:00	-	+10	2000 Dec 23
 			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
+
+# Local Variables:
+# coding: utf-8
+# End:
@@ -58,11 +58,12 @@ BEGIN {
 				zone_table, zone_NR >>"/dev/stderr"
 			status = 1
 		}
-		split($1, cca, /,/)
-		cc = cca[1]
+		ccs = input_ccs[zone_NR] = $1
 		coordinates = $2
 		tz = $3
-		comments = $4
+		comments = input_comments[zone_NR] = $4
+		split(ccs, cca, /,/)
+		cc = cca[1]

 		# Don't complain about a special case for Crimea in zone.tab.
 		# FIXME: zone.tab should be removed, since it is obsolete.
@@ -77,12 +78,9 @@ BEGIN {
 		cc0 = cc
 		tz0 = tz
 		tztab[tz] = 1
-		tz2comments[tz] = comments
 		tz2NR[tz] = zone_NR
 		for (i in cca) {
 		    cc = cca[i]
-		    cctz = cc tz
-		    cctztab[cctz] = 1
 		    if (cc2name[cc]) {
 			cc_used[cc]++
 		    } else {
@@ -99,27 +97,27 @@ BEGIN {
 		}
 	}

-	for (cctz in cctztab) {
-		cc = substr (cctz, 1, 2)
-		tz = substr (cctz, 3)
-		if (1 < cc_used[cc]) {
-			comments_needed[tz] = cc
-		}
-	}
-	for (cctz in cctztab) {
-	  cc = substr (cctz, 1, 2)
-	  tz = substr (cctz, 3)
-	  if (!comments_needed[tz] && tz2comments[tz]) {
+	for (i = 1; i <= zone_NR; i++) {
+	  ccs = input_ccs[i]
+	  if (!ccs) continue
+	  comments = input_comments[i]
+	  split(ccs, cca, /,/)
+	  used_max = 0
+          for (j in cca) {
+	    cc = cca[j]
+	    if (used_max < cc_used[cc]) {
+	      used_max = cc_used[cc]
+	    }
+	  }
+	  if (used_max <= 1 && comments) {
 	    printf "%s:%d: unnecessary comment '%s'\n", \
-		zone_table, tz2NR[tz], tz2comments[tz] \
-		>>"/dev/stderr"
-	    tz2comments[tz] = 0
+	      zone_table, i, comments \
+	      >>"/dev/stderr"
 	    status = 1
-	  } else if (comments_needed[tz] && !tz2comments[tz]) {
+	  } else if (1 < cc_used[cc] && !comments) {
 	    printf "%s:%d: missing comment for %s\n", \
-	      zone_table, tz2NR[tz], comments_needed[tz] \
+	      zone_table, i, cc \
 	      >>"/dev/stderr"
-	    tz2comments[tz] = 1
 	    status = 1
 	  }
 	}
@@ -149,8 +147,8 @@ $1 ~ /^#/ { next }
 		ruleUsed[$2] = 1
 		if ($3 ~ /%/) rulePercentUsed[$2] = 1
 	}
-	if (tz && tz ~ /\//) {
-		if (!tztab[tz]) {
+	if (tz && tz ~ /\// && tz !~ /^Etc\//) {
+		if (!tztab[tz] && FILENAME != "backward") {
 			printf "%s: no data for '%s'\n", zone_table, tz \
 				>>"/dev/stderr"
 			status = 1
@@ -173,7 +171,7 @@ END {
 		}
 	}
 	for (tz in tztab) {
-		if (!zoneSeen[tz]) {
+		if (!zoneSeen[tz] && tz !~ /^Etc\//) {
 			printf "%s:%d: no Zone table for '%s'\n", \
 				zone_table, tz2NR[tz], tz >>"/dev/stderr"
 			status = 1
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

-# These entries are mostly present for historical reasons, so that
-# people in areas not otherwise covered by the tz files could "zic -l"
-# to a timezone that was right for their area.  These days, the
-# tz files cover almost all the inhabited world, and the only practical
-# need now for the entries that are not on UTC are for ships at sea
-# that cannot use POSIX TZ settings.
+# These entries are for uses not otherwise covered by the tz database.
+# Their main practical use is for platforms like Android that lack
+# support for POSIX-style TZ strings.  On such platforms these entries
+# can be useful if the timezone database is wrong or if a ship or
+# aircraft at sea is not in a timezone.

 # Starting with POSIX 1003.1-2001, the entries below are all
 # unnecessary as settings for the TZ environment variable.  E.g.,
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@
 #        0:00       GMT  BST  BDST  Greenwich, British Summer
 #        0:00       GMT  IST        Greenwich, Irish Summer
 #        0:00       WET  WEST WEMT  Western Europe
-#        0:19:32.13 AMT* NST*       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)
 #        1:00       BST             British Standard (1968-1971)
 #        1:00       IST  GMT        Irish Standard (1968-) with winter DST
 #        1:00       CET  CEST CEMT  Central Europe
@@ -388,7 +387,7 @@
 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print
 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # Summer Time Act, 1916
 Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	May	21	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	GMT
@@ -529,7 +528,7 @@ Link	Europe/London	Europe/Isle_of_Man
 # The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
 # summer and negative daylight saving time in winter.  It is for when
 # negative SAVE values are used.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Eire	1971	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00u	-1:00	-
 Rule	Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	 2:00u	0	-
 Rule	Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	 2:00u	-1:00	-
@@ -566,7 +565,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:00 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
 # predecessor organization, the European Communities.
 # For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	EU	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	EU	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 Rule	EU	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00u	0	-
@@ -606,13 +605,13 @@ Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
 # tz database itself, as seen below:
 #
-# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15  0:01
+# Zone Europe/Paris ...
 #    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
 #
-# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
+# Zone Europe/Monaco ...
 #    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
 #
-# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
+# Zone Europe/Belgrade ...
 #    1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
 #
 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16  3:00 0 -
@@ -658,7 +657,7 @@ Rule	E-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 #
 # The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST  # Moscow Summer Time
 #
 # Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
@@ -772,7 +771,7 @@ Zone	EET		2:00	EU	EE%sT


 # Albania
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Albania	1940	only	-	Jun	16	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	1:00	S
@@ -822,11 +821,11 @@ Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00.  Go with the BEV,
 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.

-# From Alois Triendl (2019-07-22):
+# From Alois Treindl (2019-07-22):
 # In 1946 the end of DST was on Monday, 7 October 1946, at 3:00 am.
 # Shanks had this right.  Source: Die Weltpresse, 5. Oktober 1946, page 5.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Sep	13	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -913,7 +912,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Belgium	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
@@ -973,7 +972,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Bulg	1980	1982	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00	1:00	S
@@ -1005,7 +1004,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
 # We know of no English-language name for historical Czech winter time;
 # abbreviate it as "GMT", as it happened to be GMT.
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1029,17 +1028,16 @@ Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland

 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
-# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
-# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
-# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
+# the law [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
+# The page https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/1893/83
 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
 #
 # The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
-# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
+# https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/1972/21100
 #
 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
 # in subsequent decrees with the law
-# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
+# https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/1974/223
 #
 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
@@ -1051,7 +1049,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
 # was suspended on that night):
-# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20140104053304/https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=60267

 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
@@ -1061,7 +1059,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	-
 Rule	Denmark	1940	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	S
@@ -1163,7 +1161,7 @@ Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
 # http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
 # It is their only National Park.
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -1294,7 +1292,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
 # Go with Oja over Shanks.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	2	24:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	4	1:00	0	-
 Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
@@ -1326,10 +1324,58 @@ Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987

+# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-11):
+# the law of 1891 <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64415343.texteImage>
+# was published on 1891-03-15, so it could only take force on 1891-03-16.
+
+# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-10):
+# Le Gaulois, 1911-03-11, page 1/6, online at
+# https://www.retronews.fr/societe/echo-de-presse/2018/01/29/1911-change-lheure-de-paris
+# ... [ Instantly, all pressure driven clock dials halted...  Nine minutes and
+#       twenty-one seconds later the hands resumed their circular motion. ]
+# There are also precise reports about how the change was prepared in train
+# stations: all the publicly visible clocks stopped at midnight railway time
+# (or were covered), only the chief of service had a watch, labeled
+# "Heure ancienne", that he kept running until it reached 00:04:21, when
+# he announced "Heure nouvelle".  See the "Le Petit Journal 1911-03-11".
+# https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6192911/f1.item.zoom
+#
+# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-12):
+# That "all French clocks stopped" for 00:09:21 is a misreading of French
+# newspapers; this sort of adjustment applies only to certain
+# remote-controlled clocks ("pendules pneumatiques", of which there existed
+# perhaps a dozen in Paris, and which simply could not be set back remotely),
+# but not to all the clocks in all French towns and villages.  For instance,
+# the following story in the "Courrier de Saône-et-Loire" 1911-03-11, page 2:
+# only works if legal time was stepped back (was not monotone): ...
+#   [One can observe that children who had been born at midnight less 5
+#    minutes and who had died at midnight of the old time, would turn out to
+#    be dead before being born, time having been set back and having
+#    suppressed 9 minutes and 25 seconds of their existence, that is, more
+#    than they could spend.]
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2020-06-12):
+# French time in railway stations was legally five minutes behind civil time,
+# which explains why railway "old time" ran to 00:04:21 instead of to 00:09:21.
+# The law's text (which Michael Deckers noted is at
+# <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2022333z/f2>) says only that
+# at 1911-03-11 00:00 legal time was that of Paris mean time delayed by
+# nine minutes and twenty-one seconds, and does not say how the
+# transition from Paris mean time was to occur.
+#
+# tzdb has no way to represent stopped clocks.  As the railway practice
+# was to keep a watch running on "old time" to decide when to restart
+# the other clocks, this could be modeled as a transition for "old time" at
+# 00:09:21.  However, since the law was ambiguous and clocks outside railway
+# stations were probably done haphazardly with the popular impression being
+# that the transition was done at 00:00 "old time", simply leave the time
+# blank; this causes zic to default to 00:00 "old time" which is good enough.
+# Do something similar for the 1891-03-16 transition.  There are similar
+# problems in Algiers, Monaco and Tunis.

 #
 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1389,13 +1435,11 @@ Rule	France	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
 Rule	France	1976	only	-	Mar	28	 1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	26	 1:00	0	-
-# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
-# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
-# Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
+# Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
-			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11  0:01 # Paris MT
+Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 16
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
 			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14 23:00
 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
@@ -1424,7 +1468,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
 # this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.


-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Germany	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
@@ -1476,7 +1520,7 @@ Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2  0:00s
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT

 # Greece
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Jul	 7	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
@@ -1511,38 +1555,73 @@ Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT

 # Hungary
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
-# Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
-# Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
-# National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
-# http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
-# This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
-# & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Apr	 1	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Apr	15	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Nov	24	 3:00	0	-
+
+# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-09):
+# an Austrian encyclopedia of railroads of 1913, online at
+# http://www.zeno.org/Roell-1912/A/Eisenbahnzeit
+# says that the switch [to CET] happened on 1890-11-01.
+
+# From Géza Nyáry (2020-06-07):
+# Data for 1918-1983 are based on the archive database of Library Hungaricana.
+# The dates are collected from original, scanned governmental orders,
+# bulletins, instructions and public press.
+# [See URLs below.]
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1918/?pg=238
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1919/?pg=808
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1920/?pg=201
+Rule	Hungary	1918	1919	-	Apr	15	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1918	1920	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	 2:00	1:00	S
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1945/?pg=882
 Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	 1:00	0	-
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1946_03/?pg=49
 Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1946_09/?pg=54
+Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00	0	-
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KulfBelfHirek_1947_04_1__001-123/?pg=90
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DunantuliNaplo_1947_09/?pg=128
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KulfBelfHirek_1948_03_3__001-123/?pg=304
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Zala_1948_09/?pg=64
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SatoraljaujhelyiLeveltar_ZempleniNepujsag_1948/?pg=53
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SatoraljaujhelyiLeveltar_ZempleniNepujsag_1948/?pg=160
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/UjSzo_1949_01-04/?pg=102
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KeletMagyarorszag_1949_03/?pg=96
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1949_09/?pg=94
 Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Oct	23	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	May	23	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 1:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1954/?pg=513
+Rule	Hungary	1954	only	-	May	23	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1954	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	0	-
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1955/?pg=398
+Rule	Hungary	1955	only	-	May	22	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1955	only	-	Oct	 2	 3:00	0	-
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/HevesMegyeiNepujsag_1956_06/?pg=0
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/EszakMagyarorszag_1956_06/?pg=6
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SzolnokMegyeiNeplap_1957_04/?pg=120
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/PestMegyeiHirlap_1957_09/?pg=143
+Rule	Hungary	1956	1957	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1956	1957	-	Sep	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1980/?pg=189
+Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Sep	28	 1:00	0	-
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1980/?pg=1227
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1981_01/?pg=79
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1982/?pg=115
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1983/?pg=85
+Rule	Hungary	1981	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1981	1983	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
+#
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
+Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Nov  1
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
-			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  8
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1941/?pg=1204
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1942/?pg=3955
+			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  7 23:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
-			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
+			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1984
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT

 # Iceland
@@ -1578,7 +1657,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Iceland	1917	1919	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iceland	1917	only	-	Oct	21	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1918	1919	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
@@ -1656,21 +1735,24 @@ Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:28	-	LMT	1908
 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
 #
-# From Alois Triendl (2019-07-02):
+# From Alois Treindl (2019-07-02):
 # I spent 6 Euros to buy two archive copies of Il Messaggero, a Roman paper,
 # for 1 and 2 April 1944.  The edition of 2 April has this note: "Tonight at 2
 # am, put forward the clock by one hour.  Remember that in the night between
 # today and Monday the 'ora legale' will come in force again."  That makes it
 # clear that in Rome the change was on Monday, 3 April 1944 at 2 am.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-10-05):
 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
 # for the Kingdom of Italy.  This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
 # Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
-# was effectively controlled by Germany.
+# was effectively controlled by Germany.  Using C-Eur is consistent
+# with Treindl's comment about Rome in April 1944, as the "Rule Italy"
+# lines during German occupation do not affect Europe/Rome
+# (though they do affect Europe/Malta).
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	24:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1916	1917	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Mar	31	24:00	1:00	S
@@ -1720,6 +1802,10 @@ Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Dec 12
 			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT

+# Kosovo
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
+
+
 Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/Vatican
 Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino

@@ -1780,7 +1866,7 @@ Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
 # appears that they will not do so....

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

@@ -1873,7 +1959,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
 # Luxembourg
 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Apr	28	23:00	1:00	S
@@ -1914,7 +2000,7 @@ Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
 # Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Sep	29	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Apr	21	0:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1987,7 +2073,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2  0:00s # Valletta
 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-

@@ -2005,11 +2091,24 @@ Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1880
 			2:00	Moldova	EE%sT

 # Monaco
-# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
-# more precise 0:09:21.
+#
+# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-12):
+# In the "Journal de Monaco" of 1892-05-24, online at
+# https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/b1c67c12c5af11b41ea888fb048e4fe8.pdf
+# we read: ...
+#  [In virtue of a Sovereign Ordinance of the May 13 of the current [year],
+#   legal time in the Principality will be set to, from the date of June 1,
+#   1892 onwards, to the meridian of Paris, as in France.]
+# In the "Journal de Monaco" of 1911-03-28, online at
+# https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/de74ffb7db53d4f599059fe8f0ed482a.pdf
+# we read an ordinance of 1911-03-16: ...
+#  [Legal time in the Principality will be set, from the date of promulgation
+#   of the present ordinance, to legal time in France....  Consequently, legal
+#   time will be retarded by 9 minutes and 21 seconds.]
+#
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
-			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
+Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1892 Jun  1
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 29 # Paris Mean Time
 			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
 			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
@@ -2057,7 +2156,11 @@ Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-09):
+# I invented the abbreviations AMT for Amsterdam Mean Time and NST for
+# Netherlands Summer Time, used in the Netherlands from 1835 to 1937.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	NST	# Netherlands Summer Time
 Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	AMT	# Amsterdam Mean Time
 Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Apr	16	2:00s	1:00	NST
@@ -2094,7 +2197,7 @@ Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:32 -	LMT	1835
 # Norway
 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
 # Pottenger.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	May	22	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -2163,7 +2266,7 @@ Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -2234,7 +2337,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
 # harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
@@ -2283,12 +2386,10 @@ Rule	Port	1943	1945	-	Aug	Sat>=25	22:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	M
 Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
-# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
+# Whitman says DST was not observed in 1950; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1947	1965	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1947	1965	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Mar	27	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Sep	25	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1978	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00s	1:00	S
@@ -2347,7 +2448,7 @@ Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884        # Funchal
 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
 # the same year as Bulgaria.
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Romania	1932	only	-	May	21	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1932	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Romania	1933	1939	-	Apr	Sun>=2	 0:00s	1:00	S
@@ -2525,7 +2626,7 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 # Although Shanks lists 1945-01-01 as the date for transition from
 # +01/+02 to +02/+03, more likely this is a placeholder.  Guess that
 # the transition occurred at 1945-04-10 00:00, which is about when
-# Königsberg surrendered to Soviet troops.  (Thanks to Alois Triendl.)
+# Königsberg surrendered to Soviet troops.  (Thanks to Alois Treindl.)

 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
@@ -2684,8 +2785,26 @@ Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
 # 2 days before the switch.
 #
+# From Alois Treindl (2022-02-15):
+# the Russian wikipedia page
+# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
+# contains the sentence (in Google translation) "In the autumn of
+# 1981, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Ryazan,
+# Lipetsk, Voronezh, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar and regions to the east
+# of those named (about 30 in total) parted ways with Moscow time.
+# However, the convenience of common time with Moscow turned out to be
+# decisive - in 1982, these regions again switched to Moscow time."
+# Shanks International atlas has similar information, and also the
+# Russian book Zaitsev A., Kutalev D. A new astrologer's reference
+# book. Coordinates of cities and time corrections, - The World of
+# Urania, 2012 (Russian: Зайцев А., Куталёв Д., Новый справочник
+# астролога. Координаты городов и временные поправки).
+# To me it seems that an extra zone is needed, which starts with LMT
+# util 1919, later follows Moscow since 1930, but deviates from it
+# between 1 October 1981 until 1 April 1982.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-02-15):
 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia.  It's not clear what these entries
 # should be.  For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
@@ -2732,7 +2851,7 @@ Zone Europe/Simferopol	 2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
 			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
 			 3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
-			 2:00	-	EET	1992
+			 2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 20
 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
@@ -2742,7 +2861,7 @@ Zone Europe/Simferopol	 2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
 # changed in May.
-			 2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
+			 2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
 			 3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31  0:00s
 			 3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27  3:00s
@@ -2799,6 +2918,19 @@ Zone Europe/Astrakhan	 3:12:12 -	LMT	1924 May
 # The law has been published today on
 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201810110037

+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2020-11-27):
+# The State Duma approved (Nov 24, 2020) the transition of the Volgograd
+# region to the Moscow time zone....
+# https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/1012130-7
+#
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2020-12-05):
+# Currently proposed text for the second reading (expected on December 8) ...
+# changes the date to December 27. https://v1.ru/text/gorod/2020/12/04/69601031/
+#
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2020-12-22):
+# The law was published today on
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202012220002
+
 Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
 			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
 			 4:00	-	+04	1961 Nov 11
@@ -2808,7 +2940,8 @@ Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
 			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 3:00	-	+03	2018 Oct 28  2:00s
-			 4:00	-	+04
+			 4:00	-	+04	2020 Dec 27  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03

 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
 # Europe/Saratov covers:
@@ -3445,14 +3578,14 @@ Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
 # fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.

 # From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
-# The Royal Decree of 1900-06-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
+# The Royal Decree of 1900-07-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
 # https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
 # says in its article 5 (my translation):
 # These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
 # instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
 # the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1918	1919	-	Oct	 6	24:00s	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 6	23:00	1:00	S
@@ -3576,6 +3709,9 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 #
 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.

+# An extra-special abbreviation style is SET for Swedish Time (svensk
+# normaltid) 1879-1899, 3° west of the Stockholm Observatory.
+
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 			1:00:14	-	SET	1900 Jan  1 # Swedish Time
@@ -3589,7 +3725,7 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
 # and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
 # Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
 # Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
@@ -3676,7 +3812,7 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Mon>=1	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Mon>=1	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -3825,7 +3961,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
 # Although Google Translate misfires on that source, it looks like
 # Turkey reversed last month's decision, and so will stay at +03.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -3892,6 +4028,27 @@ Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.

 # Ukraine
 #
+# From Alois Triendl (2014-03-01):
+# REGULATION A N O V A on March 20, 1992 N 139 ...  means that from
+# 1992 on, Ukraine had DST with begin time at 02:00 am, on last Sunday
+# in March, and end time 03:00 am, last Sunday in September....
+# CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE RESOLUTION on May 13, 1996 N 509
+# "On the order of computation time on the territory of Ukraine" ....
+# As this cabinet decision is from May 1996, it seems likely that the
+# transition in March 1996, which predates it, was still at 2:00 am
+# and not at 3:00 as would have been under EU rules.
+# This is why I have set the change to EU rules into May 1996,
+# so that the change in March is stil covered by the Ukraine rule.
+# The next change in October 1996 happened under EU rules....
+# TZ database holds three other zones for Ukraine.... I have not yet
+# worked out the consequences for these three zones, as we (me and my
+# US colleague David Cochrane) are still trying to get more
+# information upon these local deviations from Kiev rules.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-02-08):
+# For now, assume that Ukraine's other three zones followed the same rules,
+# except that Crimea switched to Moscow time in 1994 as described elsewhere.
+
 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
@@ -3981,9 +4138,9 @@ Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Nov  6
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 Jul  1  2:00
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29  3:00
-			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1996 May 13
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
-# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
+# Transcarpathia used CET 1990/1991.
 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
@@ -3994,8 +4151,8 @@ Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
 			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
 			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31  3:00
-			2:00	-	EET	1992
-			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
+			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 20
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1996 May 13
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
@@ -4008,7 +4165,8 @@ Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Aug 25
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Oct 25
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
-			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1992 Mar 20
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1996 May 13
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT

 # Vatican City
@@ -204,10 +204,10 @@
 #	current -- the update time stamp, the data and the name of the file
 #	will not change.
 #
-#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C59
-#	File expires on:  28 December 2020
+#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C63
+#	File expires on:  28 December 2022
 #
-#@	3818102400
+#@	3881174400
 #
 2272060800	10	# 1 Jan 1972
 2287785600	11	# 1 Jul 1972
@@ -252,4 +252,4 @@
 #	the hash line is also ignored in the
 #	computation.
 #
-#h	a1c168ae 27c79a7d 9dddcfc3 bcfe616b 2e2c44ea
+#h 	732b2044 5863a938 b7e43179 1339c710 ded63837
@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@
 # NIST format leap-seconds.list file, which can be copied from
 # <ftp://ftp.nist.gov/pub/time/leap-seconds.list>
 # or <ftp://ftp.boulder.nist.gov/pub/time/leap-seconds.list>.
+# The NIST file is used instead of its IERS upstream counterpart
+# <https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/ntp/leap-seconds.list>
+# because under US law the NIST file is public domain
+# whereas the IERS file's copyright and license status is unclear.
 # For more about leap-seconds.list, please see
 # The NTP Timescale and Leap Seconds
 # <https://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/leap.html>.
@@ -68,11 +72,11 @@ Leap	2016	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 # Any additional leap seconds will come after this.
 # This Expires line is commented out for now,
 # so that pre-2020a zic implementations do not reject this file.
-#Expires 2020	Dec	28	00:00:00
+#Expires 2022	Dec	28	00:00:00

 # POSIX timestamps for the data in this file:
 #updated 1467936000 (2016-07-08 00:00:00 UTC)
-#expires 1609113600 (2020-12-28 00:00:00 UTC)
+#expires 1672185600 (2022-12-28 00:00:00 UTC)

-#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C59
-#	File expires on:  28 December 2020
+#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C63
+#	File expires on:  28 December 2022
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ BEGIN {
  print "# NIST format leap-seconds.list file, which can be copied from"
  print "# <ftp://ftp.nist.gov/pub/time/leap-seconds.list>"
  print "# or <ftp://ftp.boulder.nist.gov/pub/time/leap-seconds.list>."
+  print "# The NIST file is used instead of its IERS upstream counterpart"
+  print "# <https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/ntp/leap-seconds.list>"
+  print "# because under US law the NIST file is public domain"
+  print "# whereas the IERS file's copyright and license status is unclear."
  print "# For more about leap-seconds.list, please see"
  print "# The NTP Timescale and Leap Seconds"
  print "# <https://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/leap.html>."
@@ -105,8 +109,10 @@ END {
    print ""
    print "# UTC timestamp when this leap second list expires."
    print "# Any additional leap seconds will come after this."
-    print "# This Expires line is commented out for now,"
-    print "# so that pre-2020a zic implementations do not reject this file."
+    if (! EXPIRES_LINE) {
+      print "# This Expires line is commented out for now,"
+      print "# so that pre-2020a zic implementations do not reject this file."
+    }
    printf "%sExpires %.4d\t%s\t%.2d\t%.2d:%.2d:%.2d\n", \
      EXPIRES_LINE ? "" : "#", \
      ss_year, monthabbr[ss_month], ss_mday, ss_hour, ss_min, ss_sec
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
 # U.S. government action.  So even though the "US" rules have changed
 # in the latest release, other countries won't be affected.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	US	1942	only	-	Feb	9	2:00	1:00	W # War
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
 # Eastern time (i.e., -4:56:01.6) just before the 1883 switch.  Round to the
 # nearest second.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	NYC	1920	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	NYC	1920	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	NYC	1921	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ Zone America/New_York	-4:56:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:03:58
 # The Tennessean 2007-05-11, republished 2015-04-06.
 # https://www.tennessean.com/story/insider/extras/2015/04/06/archives-seigenthaler-for-100-years-the-tennessean-had-it-covered/25348545/

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	Chicago	1920	only	-	Jun	13	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Chicago	1920	1921	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Chicago	1921	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ Zone America/North_Dakota/Beulah -6:47:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:12:53
 # El Paso Times. 2018-10-24 06:40 -06.
 # https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/local/el-paso/2018/10/24/el-pasoans-were-time-rebels-fought-stay-mountain-zone/1744509002/
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	Denver	1920	1921	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Denver	1920	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Denver	1921	only	-	May	22	2:00	0	S
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ Zone America/Denver	-6:59:56 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00:04
 # https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1501&context=ca_ballot_props
 # https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1636&context=ca_ballot_props
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	CA	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:01	1:00	D
 Rule	CA	1949	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	0	S
 Rule	CA	1950	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	1:00	1:00	D
@@ -729,7 +729,11 @@ Zone America/Adak	 12:13:22 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 12:44:35
 			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			-10:00	US	H%sT
-# The following switches don't quite make our 1970 cutoff.
+# The following switches don't make our 1970 cutoff.
+#
+# Kiska observed Tokyo date and time during Japanese occupation from
+# 1942-06-06 to 1943-07-29, and similarly for Attu from 1942-06-07 to
+# 1943-05-29 (all dates American).  Both islands are now uninhabited.
 #
 # Shanks writes that part of southwest Alaska (e.g. Aniak)
 # switched from -11:00 to -10:00 on 1968-09-22 at 02:00,
@@ -825,6 +829,8 @@ Zone America/Phoenix	-7:28:18 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 11:31:42
 			-7:00	-	MST	1967
 			-7:00	US	M%sT	1968 Mar 21
 			-7:00	-	MST
+Link America/Phoenix America/Creston
+
 # From Arthur David Olson (1988-02-13):
 # A writer from the Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc.,
 # notes in private correspondence dated 1987-12-28 that "Presently, only the
@@ -911,7 +917,7 @@ Zone America/Boise	-7:44:49 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:15:11
 # going to switch from Central to Eastern Time on March 11, 2007....
 # http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070207/LOCAL190108/702070524/0/LOCAL

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule Indianapolis 1941	only	-	Jun	22	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule Indianapolis 1941	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule Indianapolis 1946	1954	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -930,7 +936,7 @@ Zone America/Indiana/Indianapolis -5:44:38 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:15:22
 #
 # Eastern Crawford County, Indiana, left its clocks alone in 1974,
 # as well as from 1976 through 2005.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	Marengo	1951	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Marengo	1951	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Marengo	1954	1960	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -949,7 +955,7 @@ Zone America/Indiana/Marengo -5:45:23 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:14:37
 # Daviess, Dubois, Knox, and Martin Counties, Indiana,
 # switched from eastern to central time in April 2006, then switched back
 # in November 2007.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule Vincennes	1946	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule Vincennes	1946	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule Vincennes	1953	1954	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -970,11 +976,11 @@ Zone America/Indiana/Vincennes -5:50:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:09:53
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 #
 # Perry County, Indiana, switched from eastern to central time in April 2006.
-# From Alois Triendl (2019-07-09):
+# From Alois Treindl (2019-07-09):
 # The Indianapolis News, Friday 27 October 1967 states that Perry County
 # returned to CST.  It went again to EST on 27 April 1969, as documented by the
 # Indianapolis star of Saturday 26 April.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule Perry	1955	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule Perry	1955	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule Perry	1956	1963	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -991,7 +997,7 @@ Zone America/Indiana/Tell_City -5:47:03 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:12:57
 #
 # Pike County, Indiana moved from central to eastern time in 1977,
 # then switched back in 2006, then switched back again in 2007.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	Pike	1955	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Pike	1955	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Pike	1956	1964	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -1012,7 +1018,7 @@ Zone America/Indiana/Petersburg -5:49:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:10:53
 # An article on page A3 of the Sunday, 1991-10-27 Washington Post
 # notes that Starke County switched from Central time to Eastern time as of
 # 1991-10-27.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	Starke	1947	1961	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Starke	1947	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Starke	1955	1956	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
@@ -1029,7 +1035,7 @@ Zone America/Indiana/Knox -5:46:30 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:13:30
 #
 # Pulaski County, Indiana, switched from eastern to central time in
 # April 2006 and then switched back in March 2007.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	Pulaski	1946	1960	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Pulaski	1946	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Pulaski	1955	1956	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
@@ -1071,7 +1077,7 @@ Zone America/Indiana/Vevay -5:40:16 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:19:44
 #
 # Part of Kentucky left its clocks alone in 1974.
 # This also includes Clark, Floyd, and Harrison counties in Indiana.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule Louisville	1921	only	-	May	1	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule Louisville	1921	only	-	Sep	1	2:00	0	S
 Rule Louisville	1941	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -1185,7 +1191,7 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:20:36
 # election Michigan voters narrowly repealed DST, effective 1969.
 #
 # Most of Michigan observed DST from 1973 on, but was a bit late in 1975.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	Detroit	1948	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Detroit	1948	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -1202,7 +1208,7 @@ Zone America/Detroit	-5:32:11 -	LMT	1905
 #
 # Dickinson, Gogebic, Iron, and Menominee Counties, Michigan,
 # switched from EST to CST/CDT in 1973.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule Menominee	1946	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule Menominee	1946	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule Menominee	1966	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -1372,7 +1378,7 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 # Oct 31, to Oct 27, 1918 (and Sunday is a more likely transition day
 # than Thursday) in all Canadian rulesets.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Canada	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Canada	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Canada	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
@@ -1395,7 +1401,7 @@ Rule	Canada	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 # that follows the rules is the southeast corner, including Port Hope
 # Simpson and Mary's Harbour, but excluding, say, Black Tickle.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	StJohns	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	StJohns	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00	0	S
 # Whitman gives 1919 Apr 5 and 1920 Apr 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
@@ -1497,7 +1503,7 @@ Zone America/Goose_Bay	-4:01:40 -	LMT	1884 # Happy Valley-Goose Bay
 # bill say that it is "accommodating the customs and practices" of those
 # regions, which suggests that they have always been in-line with Halifax.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Halifax	1916	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Halifax	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Halifax	1920	only	-	May	 9	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -1563,7 +1569,7 @@ Zone America/Glace_Bay	-3:59:48 -	LMT	1902 Jun 15
 # clear that this was the case since at least 1993.
 # For now, assume it started in 1993.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Moncton	1933	1935	-	Jun	Sun>=8	1:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Moncton	1933	1935	-	Sep	Sun>=8	1:00	0	S
 Rule	Moncton	1936	1938	-	Jun	Sun>=1	1:00	1:00	D
@@ -1593,24 +1599,7 @@ Zone America/Moncton	-4:19:08 -	LMT	1883 Dec  9
 # From Paul Eggert (2020-01-10):
 # See America/Toronto for most of Quebec, including Montreal.
 # See America/Halifax for the Îles de la Madeleine and the Listuguj reserve.
-#
-# Matthews and Vincent (1998) also write that Quebec east of the -63
-# meridian is supposed to observe AST, but residents as far east as
-# Natashquan use EST/EDT, and residents east of Natashquan use AST.
-# The Quebec department of justice writes in
-# "The situation in Minganie and Basse-Côte-Nord"
-# https://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/en/department/ministre/functions-and-responsabilities/legal-time-in-quebec/the-situation-in-minganie-and-basse-cote-nord/
-# that the coastal strip from just east of Natashquan to Blanc-Sablon
-# observes Atlantic standard time all year round.
-# This common practice was codified into law as of 2007; see Legal Time Act,
-# CQLR c T-5.1 <http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/ShowDoc/cs/T-5.1>.
-# For lack of better info, guess this practice began around 1970, contra to
-# Shanks & Pottenger who have this region observing AST/ADT.
-
-# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Blanc-Sablon -3:48:28 -	LMT	1884
-			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1970
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Puerto_Rico for east of Natashquan.

 # Ontario

@@ -1649,54 +1638,6 @@ Zone America/Blanc-Sablon -3:48:28 -	LMT	1884
 # time became a comic failure in Orillia. Toronto Star 2017-07-08.
 # https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2017/07/08/bold-attempt-at-daylight-saving-time-became-a-comic-failure-in-orillia.html

-# From Paul Eggert (1997-10-17):
-# Mark Brader writes that an article in the 1997-10-14 Toronto Star
-# says that Atikokan, Ontario currently does not observe DST,
-# but will vote on 11-10 whether to use EST/EDT.
-# He also writes that the Ontario Time Act (1990, Chapter T.9)
-# http://www.gov.on.ca/MBS/english/publications/statregs/conttext.html
-# says that Ontario east of 90W uses EST/EDT, and west of 90W uses CST/CDT.
-# Officially Atikokan is therefore on CST/CDT, and most likely this report
-# concerns a non-official time observed as a matter of local practice.
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
-# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that Atikokan, Pickle Lake, and
-# New Osnaburgh observe CST all year, that Big Trout Lake observes
-# CST/CDT, and that Upsala and Shebandowan observe EST/EDT, all in
-# violation of the official Ontario rules.
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-07-09):
-# Chris Walton (2006-07-06) mentioned an article by Stephanie MacLellan in the
-# 2005-07-21 Chronicle-Journal, which said:
-#
-#	The clocks in Atikokan stay set on standard time year-round.
-#	This means they spend about half the time on central time and
-#	the other half on eastern time.
-#
-#	For the most part, the system works, Mayor Dennis Brown said.
-#
-#	"The majority of businesses in Atikokan deal more with Eastern
-#	Canada, but there are some that deal with Western Canada," he
-#	said.  "I don't see any changes happening here."
-#
-# Walton also writes "Supposedly Pickle Lake and Mishkeegogamang
-# [New Osnaburgh] follow the same practice."
-
-# From Garry McKinnon (2006-07-14) via Chris Walton:
-# I chatted with a member of my board who has an outstanding memory
-# and a long history in Atikokan (and in the telecom industry) and he
-# can say for certain that Atikokan has been practicing the current
-# time keeping since 1952, at least.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-07-17):
-# Shanks & Pottenger say that Atikokan has agreed with Rainy River
-# ever since standard time was introduced, but the information from
-# McKinnon sounds more authoritative.  For now, assume that Atikokan
-# switched to EST immediately after WWII era daylight saving time
-# ended.  This matches the old (less-populous) America/Coral_Harbour
-# entry since our cutoff date of 1970, so we can move
-# America/Coral_Harbour to the 'backward' file.
-
 # From Mark Brader (2010-03-06):
 #
 # Currently the database has:
@@ -1772,7 +1713,7 @@ Zone America/Blanc-Sablon -3:48:28 -	LMT	1884
 #   With some exceptions, the use of daylight saving may be said to be limited
 # to those cities and towns lying between Quebec city and Windsor, Ont.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Toronto	1919	only	-	Mar	30	23:30	1:00	D
 Rule	Toronto	1919	only	-	Oct	26	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Toronto	1920	only	-	May	 2	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -1827,6 +1768,7 @@ Zone America/Toronto	-5:17:32 -	LMT	1895
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1946
 			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1974
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
+Link America/Toronto America/Nassau
 Zone America/Thunder_Bay -5:57:00 -	LMT	1895
 			-6:00	-	CST	1910
 			-5:00	-	EST	1942
@@ -1842,11 +1784,7 @@ Zone America/Rainy_River -6:18:16 -	LMT	1895
 			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1940 Sep 29
 			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
 			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
-Zone America/Atikokan	-6:06:28 -	LMT	1895
-			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1940 Sep 29
-			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
-			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1945 Sep 30  2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST
+# For Atikokan see America/Panama.


 # Manitoba
@@ -1870,7 +1808,7 @@ Zone America/Atikokan	-6:06:28 -	LMT	1895
 # starting 1966.  Since 02:00s is clearly correct for 1967 on, assume
 # it was also 02:00s in 1966.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Winn	1916	only	-	Apr	23	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Winn	1916	only	-	Sep	17	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Winn	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -1961,7 +1899,7 @@ Zone America/Winnipeg	-6:28:36 -	LMT	1887 Jul 16
 # long and rather painful to read.
 # http://www.qp.gov.sk.ca/documents/English/Statutes/Statutes/T14.pdf

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Regina	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Regina	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Regina	1930	1934	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -1998,7 +1936,7 @@ Zone America/Swift_Current -7:11:20 -	LMT	1905 Sep

 # Alberta

-# From Alois Triendl (2019-07-19):
+# From Alois Treindl (2019-07-19):
 # There was no DST in Alberta in 1967... Calgary Herald, 29 April 1967.
 # 1969, no DST, from Edmonton Journal 18 April 1969
 #
@@ -2011,7 +1949,7 @@ Zone America/Swift_Current -7:11:20 -	LMT	1905 Sep
 # Boyer JP. Forcing Choice: The Risky Reward of Referendums. Dundum. 2017.
 # ISBN 978-1459739123.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Edm	1918	1919	-	Apr	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Edm	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Edm	1919	only	-	May	27	2:00	0	S
@@ -2037,60 +1975,6 @@ Zone America/Edmonton	-7:33:52 -	LMT	1906 Sep
 # Shanks & Pottenger write that since 1970 most of this region has
 # been like Vancouver.
 # Dawson Creek uses MST.  Much of east BC is like Edmonton.
-# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that Creston is like Dawson Creek.
-
-# It seems though that (re: Creston) is not entirely correct:
-
-# From Chris Walton (2011-12-01):
-# There are two areas within the Canadian province of British Columbia
-# that do not currently observe daylight saving:
-# a) The Creston Valley (includes the town of Creston and surrounding area)
-# b) The eastern half of the Peace River Regional District
-# (includes the cities of Dawson Creek and Fort St. John)
-
-# Earlier this year I stumbled across a detailed article about the time
-# keeping history of Creston; it was written by Tammy Hardwick who is the
-# manager of the Creston & District Museum. The article was written in May 2009.
-# http://www.ilovecreston.com/?p=articles&t=spec&ar=260
-# According to the article, Creston has not changed its clocks since June 1918.
-# i.e. Creston has been stuck on UT-7 for 93 years.
-# Dawson Creek, on the other hand, changed its clocks as recently as April 1972.
-
-# Unfortunately the exact date for the time change in June 1918 remains
-# unknown and will be difficult to ascertain.  I e-mailed Tammy a few months
-# ago to ask if Sunday June 2 was a reasonable guess.  She said it was just
-# as plausible as any other date (in June).  She also said that after writing
-# the article she had discovered another time change in 1916; this is the
-# subject of another article which she wrote in October 2010.
-# http://www.creston.museum.bc.ca/index.php?module=comments&uop=view_comment&cm+id=56
-
-# Here is a summary of the three clock change events in Creston's history:
-# 1. 1884 or 1885: adoption of Mountain Standard Time (GMT-7)
-# Exact date unknown
-# 2. Oct 1916: switch to Pacific Standard Time (GMT-8)
-# Exact date in October unknown; Sunday October 1 is a reasonable guess.
-# 3. June 1918: switch to Pacific Daylight Time (GMT-7)
-# Exact date in June unknown; Sunday June 2 is a reasonable guess.
-# note 1:
-# On Oct 27/1918 when daylight saving ended in the rest of Canada,
-# Creston did not change its clocks.
-# note 2:
-# During WWII when the Federal Government legislated a mandatory clock change,
-# Creston did not oblige.
-# note 3:
-# There is no guarantee that Creston will remain on Mountain Standard Time
-# (UTC-7) forever.
-# The subject was debated at least once this year by the town Council.
-# http://www.bclocalnews.com/kootenay_rockies/crestonvalleyadvance/news/116760809.html
-
-# During a period WWII, summer time (Daylight saying) was mandatory in Canada.
-# In Creston, that was handled by shifting the area to PST (-8:00) then applying
-# summer time to cause the offset to be -7:00, the same as it had been before
-# the change.  It can be argued that the timezone abbreviation during this
-# period should be PDT rather than MST, but that doesn't seem important enough
-# (to anyone) to further complicate the rules.
-
-# The transition dates (and times) are guesses.

 # From Matt Johnson (2015-09-21):
 # Fort Nelson, BC, Canada will cancel DST this year.  So while previously they
@@ -2107,7 +1991,7 @@ Zone America/Edmonton	-7:33:52 -	LMT	1906 Sep
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2019-07-25):
 # Shanks says Fort Nelson did not observe DST in 1946, unlike Vancouver.
-# Alois Triendl confirmed this on 07-22, citing the 1946-04-27 Vancouver Daily
+# Alois Treindl confirmed this on 07-22, citing the 1946-04-27 Vancouver Daily
 # Province.  He also cited the 1946-09-28 Victoria Daily Times, which said
 # that Vancouver, Victoria, etc. "change at midnight Saturday"; for now,
 # guess they meant 02:00 Sunday since 02:00 was common practice in Vancouver.
@@ -2120,7 +2004,7 @@ Zone America/Edmonton	-7:33:52 -	LMT	1906 Sep
 # https://searcharchives.vancouver.ca/daylight-saving-1918-starts-again-july-7-1941-start-d-s-sept-27-end-of-d-s-1941
 # We have no further details, so omit them for now.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Vanc	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Vanc	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Vanc	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
@@ -2144,10 +2028,7 @@ Zone America/Fort_Nelson	-8:10:47 -	LMT	1884
 			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1987
 			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	2015 Mar  8  2:00
 			-7:00	-	MST
-Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
-			-7:00	-	MST	1916 Oct 1
-			-8:00	-	PST	1918 Jun 2
-			-7:00	-	MST
+# For Creston see America/Phoenix.

 # Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon

@@ -2234,7 +2115,7 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 #     to say eight hours behind Greenwich Time.
 #
 # * O.I.C. 1980/02 INTERPRETATION ACT
-#   [no online source found]
+#   https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/attachments/20201125/d5adc93b/CAYTOIC1980-02DST1980-01-04-0001.pdf
 #
 # * Yukon Daylight Saving Time, YOIC 1987/56
 #   https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yoic-1987-56/latest/yoic-1987-56.html
@@ -2449,7 +2330,19 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # consistency with nearby Dawson Creek, Creston, and Fort Nelson.
 # https://yukon.ca/en/news/yukon-end-seasonal-time-change

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# From Andrew G. Smith (2020-09-24):
+# Yukon has completed its regulatory change to be on UTC -7 year-round....
+# http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic2020_125.pdf
+# What we have done is re-defined Yukon Standard Time, as we are
+# authorized to do under section 33 of our Interpretation Act:
+# http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/acts/interpretation_c.pdf
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2020-09-24):
+# tzdb uses the obsolete YST abbreviation for standard time in Yukon through
+# about 1970, and uses PST for standard time in Yukon since then.  Consistent
+# with that, use MST for -07, the new standard time in Yukon effective Nov. 1.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	NT_YK	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	NT_YK	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
 Rule	NT_YK	1919	only	-	May	25	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -2503,12 +2396,12 @@ Zone America/Inuvik	0	-	-00	1953 # Inuvik founded
 Zone America/Whitehorse	-9:00:12 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1967 May 28  0:00
 			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1980
-			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	2020 Mar  8  2:00
+			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	2020 Nov  1
 			-7:00	-	MST
 Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1973 Oct 28  0:00
 			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1980
-			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	2020 Mar  8  2:00
+			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	2020 Nov  1
 			-7:00	-	MST


@@ -2723,7 +2616,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # 5- The islands, reefs and keys shall take their timezone from the
 #    longitude they are located at.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Mexico	1939	only	-	Feb	5	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Mexico	1939	only	-	Jun	25	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Mexico	1940	only	-	Dec	9	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -2917,72 +2810,225 @@ Zone America/Tijuana	-7:48:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:11:56

 # Anguilla
 # Antigua and Barbuda
-# See America/Port_of_Spain.
+# See America/Puerto_Rico.

-# Bahamas
-#
-# For 1899 Milne gives -5:09:29.5; round that.
-#
-# From Sue Williams (2006-12-07):
-# The Bahamas announced about a month ago that they plan to change their DST
-# rules to sync with the U.S. starting in 2007....
-# http://www.jonesbahamas.com/?c=45&a=10412
+# The Bahamas
+# See America/Toronto.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Bahamas	1964	1975	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Bahamas	1964	1975	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Nassau	-5:09:30 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
-			-5:00	Bahamas	E%sT	1976
-			-5:00	US	E%sT

 # Barbados

 # For 1899 Milne gives -3:58:29.2; round that.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# From P Chan (2020-12-09 and 2020-12-11):
+# Standard time of GMT-4 was adopted in 1911.
+# Definition of Time Act, 1911 (1911-7) [1911-08-28]
+# 1912, Laws of Barbados (5 v.), OCLC Number: 919801291, Vol. 4, Image No. 522
+# 1944, Laws of Barbados (5 v.), OCLC Number: 84548697, Vol. 4, Image No. 122
+# http://llmc.com/browse.aspx?type=2&coll=85&div=297
+#
+# DST was observed in 1942-44.
+# Defence (Daylight Saving) Regulations, 1942, 1942-04-13
+# Defence (Daylight Saving) (Repeal) Regulations, 1942, 1942-08-22
+# Defence (Daylight Saving) Regulations, 1943, 1943-04-16
+# Defence (Daylight Saving) (Repeal) Regulations, 1943, 1943-09-01
+# Defence (Daylight Saving) Regulations, 1944, 1944-03-21
+# [Defence (Daylight Saving) (Amendment) Regulations 1944, 1944-03-28]
+# Defence (Daylight Saving) (Repeal) Regulations, 1944, 1944-08-30
+#
+# 1914-, Subsidiary Legis., Annual Vols. OCLC Number: 226290591
+# 1942: Image Nos. 527-528, 555-556
+# 1943: Image Nos. 178-179, 198
+# 1944: Image Nos. 113-115, 129
+# http://llmc.com/titledescfull.aspx?type=2&coll=85&div=297&set=98437
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2021-02-20):
+# The transitions below are derived from P Chan's sources, except that the 1977
+# through 1980 transitions are from Shanks & Pottenger since we have no better
+# data there.  Of particular note, the 1944 DST regulation only advanced the
+# time to "exactly three and a half hours later than Greenwich mean time", as
+# opposed to "three hours" in the 1942 and 1943 regulations.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Barb	1942	only	-	Apr	19	5:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Barb	1942	only	-	Aug	31	6:00u	0	S
+Rule	Barb	1943	only	-	May	 2	5:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Barb	1943	only	-	Sep	 5	6:00u	0	S
+Rule	Barb	1944	only	-	Apr	10	5:00u	0:30	-
+Rule	Barb	1944	only	-	Sep	10	6:00u	0	S
 Rule	Barb	1977	only	-	Jun	12	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Barb	1977	1978	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Barb	1978	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Barb	1979	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Barb	1980	only	-	Sep	25	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Barbados	-3:58:29 -	LMT	1924 # Bridgetown
-			-3:58:29 -	BMT	1932 # Bridgetown Mean Time
+Zone America/Barbados	-3:58:29 -	LMT	1911 Aug 28 # Bridgetown
+			-4:00	Barb	A%sT	1944
+			-4:00	Barb	AST/-0330 1945
 			-4:00	Barb	A%sT

 # Belize
-# Whitman entirely disagrees with Shanks; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Belize	1918	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0:30	-0530
-Rule	Belize	1919	1943	-	Feb	Sun>=9	0:00	0	CST
+
+# From P Chan (2020-11-03):
+# Below are some laws related to the time in British Honduras/Belize:
+#
+# Definition of Time Ordinance, 1927 (No.4 of 1927) [1927-04-01]
+# Ordinances of British Honduras Passed in the Year 1927, p 19-20
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=LqEpAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA19
+#
+# Definition of Time (Amendment) Ordinance, 1942 (No. 5 of 1942) [1942-06-27]
+# Ordinances of British Honduras Passed in the Year 1942, p 31-32
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=h6MpAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA6-PA95-IA44
+#
+# Definition of Time Ordinance, 1945 (No. 19 of 1945) [1945-12-15]
+# Ordinances of British Honduras Passed in the Year 1945, p 49-50
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=xaMpAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PP1
+#
+# Definition of Time Ordinance, 1947 (No. 1 of 1947) [1947-03-11]
+# Ordinances of British Honduras Passed in the Year 1947, p 1-2
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=xaMpAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA1
+#
+# Time (Definition of) Ordinance  (Chapter 180)
+# The Laws of British Honduras in Force on the 15th Day of September, 1958 , Volume IV, p 2580
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=v5QpAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA2580
+#
+# Time (Definition of) (Amendment) Ordinance, 1968 (No. 13 of 1968) [1968-08-03]
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=xij7KEB_58wC&pg=RA1-PA428-IA9
+#
+# Definition of Time Act (Chapter 339)
+# Law of Belize, Revised Edition 2000
+# http://www.belizelaw.org/web/lawadmin/PDF%20files/cap339.pdf
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2020-11-03):
+# The transitions below are derived from P Chan's sources, except that the
+# 1973 through 1983 transitions are from Shanks & Pottenger since we have
+# no better data there.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Belize	1918	1941	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00	0:30	-0530
+Rule	Belize	1919	1942	-	Feb	Sat>=8	24:00	0	CST
+Rule	Belize	1942	only	-	Jun	27	24:00	1:00	CWT
+Rule	Belize	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	CPT
+Rule	Belize	1945	only	-	Dec	15	24:00	0	CST
+Rule	Belize	1947	1967	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00	0:30	-0530
+Rule	Belize	1948	1968	-	Feb	Sat>=8	24:00	0	CST
 Rule	Belize	1973	only	-	Dec	 5	0:00	1:00	CDT
 Rule	Belize	1974	only	-	Feb	 9	0:00	0	CST
 Rule	Belize	1982	only	-	Dec	18	0:00	1:00	CDT
 Rule	Belize	1983	only	-	Feb	12	0:00	0	CST
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Belize	-5:52:48 -	LMT	1912 Apr
+Zone	America/Belize	-5:52:48 -	LMT	1912 Apr  1
 			-6:00	Belize	%s

 # Bermuda

+# From Paul Eggert (2020-11-24):
 # For 1899 Milne gives -4:19:18.3 as the meridian of the clock tower,
-# Bermuda dockyard, Ireland I; round that.
+# Bermuda dockyard, Ireland I.  This agrees with standard offset given in the
+# Daylight Saving Act, 1917 cited below.  Round that to the nearest second.
+# It is not known when this time became standard for Bermuda; guess 1890.
+# The transition to -04 was specified by:
+# 1930: The Time Zone Act, 1929 (1929: No. 39) [1929-11-08]
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=7tdMAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA54-PP1
+
+# From P Chan (2020-11-20):
+# Most of the information can be found online from the Bermuda National
+# Library - Digital Collection which includes The Royal Gazette (RG) until 1957
+# https://bnl.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/
+# I will cite the ID.  For example, [10000] means
+# https://bnl.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/BermudaNP02/id/10000
+#
+# 1917: Apr 5 midnight to Sep 30 midnight
+# Daylight Saving Act, 1917 (1917 No. 13) [1917-04-02]
+# Bermuda Acts and Resolves 1917, p 37-38
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=M-lCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA36-IA2
+# RG, 1917-04-04, p 6 [42340] gives the spring forward date.
+#
+# 1918: Apr 13 midnight to Sep 15 midnight
+# Daylight Saving Act, 1918 (1918 No. 9) [1918-04-06]
+# Bermuda Acts and Resolves 1917, p 13
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=K-lCAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA7
+#
+# Note that local mean time was still used before 1930.
+#
+# During WWII, DST was introduced by Defence Regulations
+# 1942: Jan 11 02:00 to Oct 18 02:00 [113646], [115726]
+# 1943: Mar 21 02:00 to Oct 31 02:00 [116704], [118193]
+# 1944: Mar 12 02:00 to Nov 5 02:00 [119225], [121593]
+# 1945: Mar 11 02:00 to Nov 4 02:00 [122369], [124461]
+# RG, 1942-01-08, p 2, 1942-10-12, p 2 , 1943-03-06, p 2, 1943-09-03, p 1,
+# 1944-02-29, p 6, 1944-09-20, p 2, 1945-02-13, p 2, 1945-11-03, p 1
+#
+# In 1946, the House of Assembly rejected DST twice. [128686], [128076]
+# RG, 1946-03-16 p 1,1946-04-13 p 1
+#
+# 1947: third Sunday in May 02:00 to second Sunday in September 02:00
+# DST in 1947 was defined in the Daylight Saving Act, 1947 (1947: No. 12)
+# which expired at the end of the year.  [125784] ,[132405], [144454], [138226]
+# RG, 1947-02-27, p 1, 1947-05-15, p 1, 1947-09-13, p 1, 1947-12-30, p 1
+#
+# 1948-1952: fourth Sunday in May 02:00 to first Sunday in September 02:00
+# DST in 1948 was defined in the Daylight Saving Act, 1948 (1948 : No. 12)
+# which was set to expired at the end of the year but it was extended until
+# the end of 1952 and was not further extended.
+# [129802], [139403], [146008], [135240], [144330], [139049], [143309],
+# [148271], [149773], [153589], [153802], [155924]
+# RG, 1948-04-13, p 1, 1948-05-22, p 1, 1948-09-04, p 1, 1949-05-21, p1,
+# 1949-09-03, p 1, 1950-05-27 p 1, 1950-09-02, p 1, 1951-05-27, p 1,
+# 1951-09-01, p 1, 1952-05-23, p 1, 1952-09-26, p 1, 1952-12-21, p 8
+#
+# In 1953-1955, the House of Assembly rejected DST each year. [158996],
+# [162620], [166720] RG, 1953-05-02, p 1, 1954-04-01 p 1, 1955-03-12, p 1
+#
+# 1956: fourth Sunday in May 02:00 to last Sunday in October 02:00
+# Time Zone (Seasonal Variation) Act, 1956 (1956: No.44) [1956-05-25]
+# Bermuda Public Acts 1956, p 331-332
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=Xs1AlmD_cEwC&pg=PA63
+#
+# The extension of the Act was rejected by the House of Assembly. [176218]
+# RG, 1956-12-13, p 1
+#
+# From the Chronological Table of Public and Private Acts up to 1985, it seems
+# that there does not exist other Acts related to DST before 1973.
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=r9hMAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA23-PA1
+# Public Acts of the Legislature of the Islands of Bermuda, Together with
+# Statutory Instruments in Force Thereunder, Vol VII

 # From Dan Jones, reporting in The Royal Gazette (2006-06-26):
-
 # Next year, however, clocks in the US will go forward on the second Sunday
 # in March, until the first Sunday in November.  And, after the Time Zone
 # (Seasonal Variation) Bill 2006 was passed in the House of Assembly on
 # Friday, the same thing will happen in Bermuda.
 # http://www.theroyalgazette.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060529/NEWS/105290135

+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Bermuda	1917	only	-	Apr	 5	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Bermuda	1917	only	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Bermuda	1918	only	-	Apr	13	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Bermuda	1918	only	-	Sep	15	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Bermuda	1942	only	-	Jan	11	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Bermuda	1942	only	-	Oct	18	 2:00	0	S
+Rule	Bermuda	1943	only	-	Mar	21	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Bermuda	1943	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00	0	S
+Rule	Bermuda	1944	1945	-	Mar	Sun>=8	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Bermuda	1944	1945	-	Nov	Sun>=1	 2:00	0	S
+Rule	Bermuda	1947	only	-	May	Sun>=15	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Bermuda	1947	only	-	Sep	Sun>=8	 2:00	0	S
+Rule	Bermuda	1948	1952	-	May	Sun>=22	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Bermuda	1948	1952	-	Sep	Sun>=1	 2:00	0	S
+Rule	Bermuda	1956	only	-	May	Sun>=22	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Bermuda	1956	only	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00	0	S
+
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/Bermuda	-4:19:18 -	LMT	1930 Jan  1  2:00 # Hamilton
-			-4:00	-	AST	1974 Apr 28  2:00
+Zone Atlantic/Bermuda	-4:19:18 -	LMT	1890	# Hamilton
+			-4:19:18 Bermuda BMT/BST 1930 Jan 1  2:00
+			-4:00	Bermuda	A%sT	1974 Apr 28  2:00
 			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1976
 			-4:00	US	A%sT

+# Caribbean Netherlands
+# See America/Puerto_Rico.
+
 # Cayman Is
 # See America/Panama.

@@ -2990,7 +3036,7 @@ Zone Atlantic/Bermuda	-4:19:18 -	LMT	1930 Jan  1  2:00 # Hamilton

 # Milne gives -5:36:13.3 as San José mean time; round to nearest.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	CR	1979	1980	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	CR	1979	1980	-	Jun	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	CR	1991	1992	-	Jan	Sat>=15	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -3164,7 +3210,7 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890        # San José
 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-03):
 # For now, assume the future rule is first Sunday in November.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Cuba	1928	only	-	Jun	10	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	1928	only	-	Oct	10	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	1940	1942	-	Jun	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -3211,7 +3257,7 @@ Zone	America/Havana	-5:29:28 -	LMT	1890
 			-5:00	Cuba	C%sT

 # Dominica
-# See America/Port_of_Spain.
+# See America/Puerto_Rico.

 # Dominican Republic

@@ -3233,7 +3279,7 @@ Zone	America/Havana	-5:29:28 -	LMT	1890
 # decided to revert.


-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	DR	1966	only	-	Oct	30	0:00	1:00	EDT
 Rule	DR	1967	only	-	Feb	28	0:00	0	EST
 Rule	DR	1969	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	-0430
@@ -3250,7 +3296,7 @@ Zone America/Santo_Domingo -4:39:36 -	LMT	1890

 # El Salvador

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Salv	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Salv	1987	1988	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
 # There are too many San Salvadors elsewhere, so use America/El_Salvador
@@ -3263,7 +3309,7 @@ Zone America/El_Salvador -5:56:48 -	LMT	1921 # San Salvador
 # Guadeloupe
 # St Barthélemy
 # St Martin (French part)
-# See America/Port_of_Spain.
+# See America/Puerto_Rico.

 # Guatemala
 #
@@ -3279,7 +3325,7 @@ Zone America/El_Salvador -5:56:48 -	LMT	1921 # San Salvador
 # (2006-04-19), says DST ends at 24:00.  See
 # http://www.sieca.org.gt/Sitio_publico/Energeticos/Doc/Medidas/Cambio_Horario_Nac_190406.pdf

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Guat	1973	only	-	Nov	25	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Guat	1974	only	-	Feb	24	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Guat	1983	only	-	May	21	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -3360,7 +3406,7 @@ Zone America/Guatemala	-6:02:04 -	LMT	1918 Oct 5
 # I have not been able to find a more authoritative source:
 # https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-20319-haiti-notices-time-change-in-haiti.html

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Haiti	1983	only	-	May	8	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	1984	1987	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	1983	1987	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
@@ -3408,7 +3454,7 @@ Zone America/Port-au-Prince -4:49:20 -	LMT	1890
 # http://www.laprensahn.com/pais_nota.php?id04962=7386
 # So it seems that Honduras will not enter DST this year....

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Hond	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Hond	1987	1988	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Hond	2006	only	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -3450,7 +3496,7 @@ Zone America/Martinique	-4:04:20 -      LMT	1890        # Fort-de-France
 			-4:00	-	AST

 # Montserrat
-# See America/Port_of_Spain.
+# See America/Puerto_Rico.

 # Nicaragua
 #
@@ -3499,7 +3545,7 @@ Zone America/Martinique	-4:04:20 -      LMT	1890        # Fort-de-France
 # The natural sun time is restored in all the national territory, in that the
 # time is returned one hour at 01:00 am of October 1 of 2006.
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Nic	1979	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Nic	1979	1980	-	Jun	Mon>=23	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Nic	2005	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -3522,6 +3568,7 @@ Zone	America/Managua	-5:45:08 -	LMT	1890
 Zone	America/Panama	-5:18:08 -	LMT	1890
 			-5:19:36 -	CMT	1908 Apr 22 # Colón Mean Time
 			-5:00	-	EST
+Link America/Panama America/Atikokan
 Link America/Panama America/Cayman

 # Puerto Rico
@@ -3531,10 +3578,29 @@ Zone America/Puerto_Rico -4:24:25 -	LMT	1899 Mar 28 12:00 # San Juan
 			-4:00	-	AST	1942 May  3
 			-4:00	US	A%sT	1946
 			-4:00	-	AST
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Anguilla
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Antigua
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Aruba
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Curacao
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Blanc-Sablon	# Quebec (Lower North Shore)
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Dominica
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Grenada
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Guadeloupe
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Kralendijk	# Caribbean Netherlands
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Lower_Princes	# Sint Maarten
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Marigot	# St Martin (French part)
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Montserrat
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Port_of_Spain	# Trinidad & Tobago
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Barthelemy	# St Barthélemy
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Kitts	# St Kitts & Nevis
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Lucia
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Thomas	# Virgin Islands (US)
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Vincent
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Tortola	# Virgin Islands (UK)

 # St Kitts-Nevis
 # St Lucia
-# See America/Port_of_Spain.
+# See America/Puerto_Rico.

 # St Pierre and Miquelon
 # There are too many St Pierres elsewhere, so we'll use 'Miquelon'.
@@ -3545,7 +3611,10 @@ Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15 # St Pierre
 			-3:00	Canada	-03/-02

 # St Vincent and the Grenadines
-# See America/Port_of_Spain.
+# See America/Puerto_Rico.
+
+# Sint Maarten
+# See America/Puerto_Rico.

 # Turks and Caicos
 #
@@ -3562,7 +3631,7 @@ Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15 # St Pierre
 # "Eastern Standard Times Begins 2007
 # Clocks are set back one hour at 2:00 a.m. local Daylight Saving Time"
 # indicating that the normal ET rules are followed.
-#
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-19):
 # The 2014-08-13 Cabinet meeting decided to stay on UT -04 year-round.  See:
 # http://tcweeklynews.com/daylight-savings-time-to-be-maintained-p5353-127.htm
@@ -3577,24 +3646,47 @@ Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15 # St Pierre
 # during the summer months and Standard Time, also known as Local
 # Time, during the winter months with effect from April 2018 ...
 # https://www.gov.uk/government/news/turks-and-caicos-post-cabinet-meeting-statement--3
-#
 # From Paul Eggert (2017-08-26):
 # The date of effect of the spring 2018 change appears to be March 11,
 # which makes more sense.  See: Hamilton D. Time change back
 # by March 2018 for TCI. Magnetic Media. 2017-08-25.
 # http://magneticmediatv.com/2017/08/time-change-back-by-march-2018-for-tci/
 #
+# From P Chan (2020-11-27):
+# Standard Time Declaration Order 2015 (L.N. 15/2015)
+# http://online.fliphtml5.com/fizd/czin/#p=2
+#
+# Standard Time Declaration Order 2017 (L.N. 31/2017)
+# http://online.fliphtml5.com/fizd/dmcu/#p=2
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2020-12-05):
+# Although L.N. 31/2017 reads that it "shall come into operation at 2:00 a.m.
+# on 11th March 2018", a precise interpretation here poses some problems.  The
+# order states that "the standard time to be observed throughout the Turks and
+# Caicos Islands shall be the same time zone as the Eastern United States of
+# America" and further clarifies "[f]or the avoidance of doubt" that it
+# "applies to the Eastern Standard Time as well as any changes thereto for
+# Daylight Saving Time."  However, as clocks in Turks and Caicos approached
+# 02:00 -04, and thus the declared implementation time, it was still 01:00 EST
+# (-05), as DST in the Eastern US would not start until an hour later.
+#
+# Since it is unlikely that those on the islands switched their clocks twice in
+# the span of an hour, we assume instead that the adoption of EDT actually took
+# effect once clocks in the Eastern US had sprung forward, from 03:00 -04.
+# This discrepancy only affects the time zone abbreviation and DST flag for the
+# intervening hour, not wall clock times, as -04 was maintained throughout.
+
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Grand_Turk	-4:44:32 -	LMT	1890
 			-5:07:10 -	KMT	1912 Feb # Kingston Mean Time
 			-5:00	-	EST	1979
-			-5:00	US	E%sT	2015 Nov Sun>=1 2:00
-			-4:00	-	AST	2018 Mar 11 3:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	2015 Mar  8  2:00
+			-4:00	-	AST	2018 Mar 11  3:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT

 # British Virgin Is
-# Virgin Is
-# See America/Port_of_Spain.
+# US Virgin Is
+# See America/Puerto_Rico.


 # Local Variables:
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 # I am sending modifications to the Argentine time zone table...
 # AR was chosen because they are the ISO letters that represent Argentina.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Arg	1930	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ Zone America/Argentina/Ushuaia -4:33:12 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-3:00	-	-03

 # Aruba
-Link America/Curacao America/Aruba
+# See America/Puerto_Rico.

 # Bolivia
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -769,7 +769,7 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-10-17):
 # For now, assume western Amazonas will change as well.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # Decree 20,466 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV20466.htm> (1931-10-01)
 # Decree 21,896 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV21896.htm> (1932-01-10)
 Rule	Brazil	1931	only	-	Oct	 3	11:00	1:00	-
@@ -1086,7 +1086,7 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914

 # Chile

-# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-03):
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-03-15):
 # Shanks & Pottenger says America/Santiago introduced standard time in
 # 1890 and rounds its UT offset to 70W40; guess that in practice this
 # was the same offset as in 1916-1919.  It also says Pacific/Easter
@@ -1109,7 +1109,7 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # Historia de la hora oficial de Chile (retrieved 2012-10-24).  See:
 # https://web.archive.org/web/20121024234627/http://www.horaoficial.cl/horaof.htm
 # A fancier Spanish version (requiring mouse-clicking) is at:
-# http://www.horaoficial.cl/historia_hora.html
+# http://www.horaoficial.cl/historia_hora.php
 # Conflicts between [1] and [2] were resolved as follows:
 #
 #  - [1] says the 1910 transition was Jan 1, [2] says Jan 10 and cites
@@ -1118,7 +1118,8 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 #  - [1] says SMT was -4:42:45, [2] says Chile's official time from
 #    1916 to 1919 was -4:42:46.3, the meridian of Chile's National
 #    Astronomical Observatory (OAN), then located in what is now
-#    Quinta Normal in Santiago.  Go with [2], rounding it to -4:42:46.
+#    Quinta Normal in Santiago.  Go with [1], as this matches the meridian
+#    referred to by the relevant Chilean laws to this day.
 #
 #  - [1] says the 1918 transition was Sep 1, [2] says Sep 10 and cites
 #    Boletín No. 22, Aviso No. 129/1918 (1918-08-23).  Go with [2].
@@ -1140,6 +1141,32 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # this is known to work for DST transitions starting in 2008 and
 # may well be true for earlier transitions.

+# From Tim Parenti (2022-03-15):
+# For a brief period of roughly six weeks in 1946, DST was only observed on an
+# emergency basis in specific regions of central Chile; namely, "the national
+# territory between the provinces of Coquimbo and Concepción, inclusive".
+# This was enacted by Decree 3,891, dated 1946-07-13, and took effect
+# 1946-07-14 24:00, advancing these central regions to -03.
+# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19460715/#page/1
+# The decree contemplated "[t]hat this advancement of the Official Time, even
+# though it has been proposed for the cities of Santiago and Valparaíso only,
+# must be agreed with that of other cities, due to the connection of various
+# activities that require it, such as, for example, the operation of rail
+# services".  It was originally set to expire after 30 days but was extended
+# through 1946-08-31 by Decree 4,506, dated 1946-08-13.
+# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19460814/#page/1
+#
+# Law Number 8,522, promulgated 1946-08-27, reunified Chilean clocks at their
+# new "Summer Time" of -04, reckoned as that of "the meridian of the
+# Astronomical Observatory of Lo Espejo, advanced by 42 minutes and 45
+# seconds".
+# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19460828/#page/1
+# After a brief "Winter Time" stint at -05 beginning 1947-04-01, Law Number
+# 8,777, promulgated 1947-05-17, established year-round -04 "from 23:00 on the
+# second day after it is published in the 'Diario Oficial'."  It was published
+# on Monday 1947-05-19 and so took effect from Wednesday 1947-05-21 23:00.
+# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19470519/#page/1
+
 # From Eduardo Krell (1995-10-19):
 # The law says to switch to DST at midnight [24:00] on the second SATURDAY
 # of October....  The law is the same for March and October.
@@ -1258,7 +1285,7 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # For now, assume that they will not revert,
 # since they have extended the expiration date once already.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Chile	1927	1931	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1928	1932	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Chile	1968	only	-	Nov	 3	4:00u	1:00	-
@@ -1298,12 +1325,12 @@ Rule	Chile	2019	max	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	-
 # IATA SSIM anomalies: (1992-02) says 1992-03-14;
 # (1996-09) says 1998-03-08.  Ignore these.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Santiago	-4:42:46 -	LMT	1890
-			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1910 Jan 10 # Santiago Mean Time
+Zone America/Santiago	-4:42:45 -	LMT	1890
+			-4:42:45 -	SMT	1910 Jan 10 # Santiago Mean Time
 			-5:00	-	-05	1916 Jul  1
-			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1918 Sep 10
+			-4:42:45 -	SMT	1918 Sep 10
 			-4:00	-	-04	1919 Jul  1
-			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1927 Sep  1
+			-4:42:45 -	SMT	1927 Sep  1
 			-5:00	Chile	-05/-04	1932 Sep  1
 			-4:00	-	-04	1942 Jun  1
 			-5:00	-	-05	1942 Aug  1
@@ -1313,11 +1340,11 @@ Zone America/Santiago	-4:42:46 -	LMT	1890
 			-5:00	-	-05	1947 May 21 23:00
 			-4:00	Chile	-04/-03
 Zone America/Punta_Arenas -4:43:40 -	LMT	1890
-			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1910 Jan 10
+			-4:42:45 -	SMT	1910 Jan 10
 			-5:00	-	-05	1916 Jul  1
-			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1918 Sep 10
+			-4:42:45 -	SMT	1918 Sep 10
 			-4:00	-	-04	1919 Jul  1
-			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1927 Sep  1
+			-4:42:45 -	SMT	1927 Sep  1
 			-5:00	Chile	-05/-04	1932 Sep  1
 			-4:00	-	-04	1942 Jun  1
 			-5:00	-	-05	1942 Aug  1
@@ -1358,7 +1385,7 @@ Zone Antarctica/Palmer	0	-	-00	1965
 # Milne gives 4:56:16.4 for Bogotá time in 1899; round to nearest.  He writes,
 # "A variation of fifteen minutes in the public clocks of Bogota is not rare."

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	CO	1992	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	CO	1993	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -1369,35 +1396,14 @@ Zone	America/Bogota	-4:56:16 -	LMT	1884 Mar 13
 # no information; probably like America/Bogota

 # Curaçao
-
-# Milne gives 4:35:46.9 for Curaçao mean time; round to nearest.
+# See America/Puerto_Rico.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Shanks & Pottenger say that The Bottom and Philipsburg have been at
-# -4:00 since standard time was introduced on 1912-03-02; and that
-# Kralendijk and Rincon used Kralendijk Mean Time (-4:33:08) from
-# 1912-02-02 to 1965-01-01.  The former is dubious, since S&P also say
-# Saba Island has been like Curaçao.
-# This all predates our 1970 cutoff, though.
-#
-# By July 2007 Curaçao and St Maarten are planned to become
-# associated states within the Netherlands, much like Aruba;
-# Bonaire, Saba and St Eustatius would become directly part of the
-# Netherlands as Kingdom Islands.  This won't affect their time zones
-# though, as far as we know.
-#
-# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Curacao	-4:35:47 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12 # Willemstad
-			-4:30	-	-0430	1965
-			-4:00	-	AST
-
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
 # use links for places with new iso3166 codes.
 # The name "Lower Prince's Quarter" is both longer than fourteen characters
-# and contains an apostrophe; use "Lower_Princes" below.
-
-Link	America/Curacao	America/Lower_Princes	# Sint Maarten
-Link	America/Curacao	America/Kralendijk	# Caribbean Netherlands
+# and contains an apostrophe; use "Lower_Princes"....
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-09-29):
+# These backward-compatibility links now are in the 'northamerica' file.

 # Ecuador
 #
@@ -1418,7 +1424,7 @@ Link	America/Curacao	America/Kralendijk	# Caribbean Netherlands
 # (Not one step back), the clocks went back in 1993 and the experiment was not
 # repeated.  For now, assume transitions were at 00:00 local time country-wide.
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Ecuador	1992	only	-	Nov	28	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Ecuador	1993	only	-	Feb	 5	0:00	0	-
 #
@@ -1512,7 +1518,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
 # For now we will assume permanent -03 for the Falklands
 # until advised differently (to apply for 2012 and beyond, after the 2011
 # experiment was apparently successful.)
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Falk	1937	1938	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Falk	1938	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=19	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Falk	1939	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	1:00	-
@@ -1540,11 +1546,40 @@ Zone America/Cayenne	-3:29:20 -	LMT	1911 Jul
 			-3:00	-	-03

 # Guyana
+
+# From P Chan (2020-11-27):
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=5-5CAQAAMAAJ&pg=SA1-PA547
+# The Official Gazette of British Guiana. (New Series.) Vol. XL. July to
+# December, 1915, p 1547, lists as several notes:
+# "Local Mean Time 3 hours 52 mins. 39 secs. slow of Greenwich Mean Time
+# (Georgetown.) From 1st August, 1911, British Guiana Standard Mean Time 4
+# hours slow of Greenwich Mean Time, by notice in Official Gazette on 1st July,
+# 1911.  From 1st March, 1915, British Guiana Standard Mean Time 3 hours 45
+# mins. 0 secs. slow of Greenwich Mean Time, by notice in Official Gazette on
+# 23rd January, 1915."
+#
+# https://parliament.gov.gy/documents/acts/10923-act_no._27_of_1975_-_interpretation_and_general_clauses_(amendment)_act_1975.pdf
+# Interpretation and general clauses (Amendment) Act 1975 (Act No. 27 of 1975)
+# [dated 1975-07-31]
+# "This Act...shall come into operation on 1st August, 1975."
+# "...where any expression of time occurs...the time referred to shall signify
+# the standard time of Guyana which shall be three hours behind Greenwich Mean
+# Time."
+#
+# Circular No. 10/1992 dated 1992-03-20
+# https://dps.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/1992-03-20-Circular-010.pdf
+# "...cabinet has decided that with effect from Sunday 29th March, 1992, Guyana
+# Standard Time would be re-established at 01:00 hours by adjusting the hands
+# of the clock back to 24:00 hours."
+# Legislated in the Interpretation and general clauses (Amendment) Act 1992
+# (Act No. 6 of 1992) [passed 1992-03-27, published 1992-04-18]
+# https://parliament.gov.gy/documents/acts/5885-6_of_1992_interpretation_and_general_clauses_(amendment)_act_1992.pdf
+
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Guyana	-3:52:40 -	LMT	1915 Mar    # Georgetown
-			-3:45	-	-0345	1975 Jul 31
-			-3:00	-	-03	1991
-# IATA SSIM (1996-06) says -4:00.  Assume a 1991 switch.
+Zone	America/Guyana	-3:52:39 -	LMT	1911 Aug  1 # Georgetown
+			-4:00	-	-04	1915 Mar  1
+			-3:45	-	-0345	1975 Aug  1
+			-3:00	-	-03	1992 Mar 29  1:00
 			-4:00	-	-04

 # Paraguay
@@ -1558,7 +1593,7 @@ Zone	America/Guyana	-3:52:40 -	LMT	1915 Mar    # Georgetown
 # No time of the day is established for the adjustment, so people normally
 # adjust their clocks at 0 hour of the given dates.
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Para	1975	1988	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Para	1975	1978	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Para	1979	1991	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
@@ -1651,7 +1686,7 @@ Zone America/Asuncion	-3:50:40 -	LMT	1890
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Shanks & Pottenger don't have this transition.  Assume 1986 was like 1987.

-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Peru	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
@@ -1685,24 +1720,7 @@ Zone America/Paramaribo	-3:40:40 -	LMT	1911
 			-3:00	-	-03

 # Trinidad and Tobago
-# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Port_of_Spain -4:06:04 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
-			-4:00	-	AST
-
-# These all agree with Trinidad and Tobago since 1970.
-Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Anguilla
-Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Antigua
-Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Dominica
-Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Grenada
-Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Guadeloupe
-Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Marigot	# St Martin (French part)
-Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Montserrat
-Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Barthelemy # St Barthélemy
-Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Kitts	# St Kitts & Nevis
-Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Lucia
-Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Thomas	# Virgin Islands (US)
-Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Vincent
-Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Tortola	# Virgin Islands (UK)
+# See America/Puerto_Rico.

 # Uruguay
 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
@@ -1747,7 +1765,7 @@ Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Tortola	# Virgin Islands (UK)
 # https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1926/03/10/2
 # https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1926/03/18/2
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Uruguay	1923	1925	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0:30	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1924	1926	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
 # From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 The <a
 href="https://www.iana.org/time-zones"><code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
 database</a> attempts to record the history and predicted future of
-all computer-based clocks that track civil time.
+civil time scales.
 It organizes <a href="tz-link.html">time zone and daylight saving time
 data</a> by partitioning the world into <a
 href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_database_time_zones"><dfn>timezones</dfn></a>
@@ -42,12 +42,13 @@ href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time">POSIX Epoch</a>
 (1970-01-01 00:00:00 <a
 href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time"><abbr
 title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</abbr></a>).
-The database labels each timezone with a notable location and
-records all known clock transitions for that location.
 Although 1970 is a somewhat-arbitrary cutoff, there are significant
 challenges to moving the cutoff earlier even by a decade or two, due
 to the wide variety of local practices before computer timekeeping
 became prevalent.
+Most timezones correspond to a notable location and the database
+records all known clock transitions for that location;
+some timezones correspond instead to a fixed <abbr>UTC</abbr> offset.
 </p>

 <p>
@@ -58,8 +59,9 @@ specifies current standard time. For example, applications that deal
 with current and future timestamps in the traditional North
 American mountain time zone can choose from the timezones
 <code>America/Denver</code> which observes US-style daylight saving
-time, <code>America/Mazatlan</code> which observes Mexican-style DST,
-and <code>America/Phoenix</code> which does not observe DST.
+time (<abbr>DST</abbr>),
+<code>America/Mazatlan</code> which observes Mexican-style <abbr>DST</abbr>,
+and <code>America/Phoenix</code> which does not observe <abbr>DST</abbr>.
 Applications that also deal with past timestamps in the mountain time
 zone can choose from over a dozen timezones, such as
 <code>America/Boise</code>, <code>America/Edmonton</code>, and
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ time but differs from other timezones for some timestamps after 1970.
 </p>

 <p>
-Clock transitions before 1970 are recorded for each timezone,
+Clock transitions before 1970 are recorded for location-based timezones,
 because most systems support timestamps before 1970 and could
 misbehave if data entries were omitted for pre-1970 transitions.
 However, the database is not designed for and does not suffice for
@@ -115,17 +117,15 @@ Each timezone has a name that uniquely identifies the timezone.
 Inexperienced users are not expected to select these names unaided.
 Distributors should provide documentation and/or a simple selection
 interface that explains each name via a map or via descriptive text like
-"Ruthenia" instead of the timezone name "<code>Europe/Uzhgorod</code>".
+"Czech Republic" instead of the timezone name "<code>Europe/Prague</code>".
 If geolocation information is available, a selection interface can
 locate the user on a timezone map or prioritize names that are
 geographically close. For an example selection interface, see the
 <code>tzselect</code> program in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code.
-The <a href="http://cldr.unicode.org/">Unicode Common Locale Data
+The <a href="http://cldr.unicode.org">Unicode Common Locale Data
 Repository</a> contains data that may be useful for other selection
-interfaces; it maps timezone names like <code>Europe/Uzhgorod</code>
-to CLDR names like <code>uauzh</code> which are in turn mapped to
-locale-dependent strings like "Uzhhorod", "Ungvár", "Ужгород", and
-"乌日哥罗德".
+interfaces; it maps timezone names like <code>Europe/Prague</code> to
+locale-dependent strings like "Prague", "Praha", "Прага", and "布拉格".
 </p>

 <p>
@@ -192,8 +192,8 @@ in decreasing order of importance:
    <code>TZ</code> strings</a>.
    A file name component must not exceed 14 characters or start with
    '<code>-</code>'.
-    E.g., prefer <code>Asia/Brunei</code> to
-    <code>Asia/Bandar_Seri_Begawan</code>.
+    E.g., prefer <code>America/Noronha</code> to
+    <code>America/Fernando_de_Noronha</code>.
    Exceptions: see the discussion of legacy names below.
  </li>
  <li>
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ in decreasing order of importance:
  </li>
  <li>
    If a name is changed, put its old spelling in the
-    '<code>backward</code>' file.
+    '<code>backward</code>' file as a link to the new spelling.
    This means old spellings will continue to work.
    Ordinarily a name change should occur only in the rare case when
    a location's consensus English-language spelling changes; for example,
@@ -348,22 +348,37 @@ timestamps correctly and it increased maintenance burden.
 </ul>

 <p>
-The file '<code>zone1970.tab</code>' lists geographical locations used
+The file <code>zone1970.tab</code> lists geographical locations used
 to name timezones.
 It is intended to be an exhaustive list of names for geographic
 regions as described above; this is a subset of the timezones in the data.
-Although a '<code>zone1970.tab</code>' location's
+Although a <code>zone1970.tab</code> location's
 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude">longitude</a>
 corresponds to
 its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_mean_time">local mean
 time (<abbr>LMT</abbr>)</a> offset with one hour for every 15&deg;
 east longitude, this relationship is not exact.
+The backward-compatibility file <code>zone.tab</code> is similar
+but conforms to the older-version guidelines related to <abbr>ISO</abbr> 3166-1;
+it lists only one country code per entry and unlike <code>zone1970.tab</code>
+it can list names defined in <code>backward</code>.
 </p>

 <p>
-Excluding '<code>backward</code>' should not affect the other data.
-If '<code>backward</code>' is excluded, excluding
-'<code>etcetera</code>' should not affect the remaining data.
+The database defines each timezone name to be a zone, or a link to a zone.
+The source file <code>backward</code> defines links for backward
+compatibility; it does not define zones.
+Although <code>backward</code> was originally designed to be optional,
+nowadays distributions typically use it
+and no great weight should be attached to whether a link
+is defined in <code>backward</code> or in some other file.
+The source file <code>etcetera</code> defines names that may be useful
+on platforms that do not support POSIX-style <code>TZ</code> strings;
+no other source file other than <code>backward</code>
+contains links to its zones.
+One of <code>etcetera</code>'s names is <code>GMT</code>,
+used by functions like <code>gmtime</code> to obtain leap
+second information on platforms that support leap seconds.
 </p>
 </section>

@@ -475,10 +490,10 @@ in decreasing order of importance:

    <p>
    <small>These abbreviations are:
-      AMT Amsterdam, Asunción, Athens;
-      BMT Baghdad, Bangkok, Batavia, Bern, Bogotá, Bridgetown, Brussels,
-	Bucharest;
-      CMT Calamarca, Caracas, Chisinau, Colón, Copenhagen, Córdoba;
+      AMT Asunción, Athens;
+      BMT Baghdad, Bangkok, Batavia, Bermuda, Bern, Bogotá, Bridgetown,
+        Brussels, Bucharest;
+      CMT Calamarca, Caracas, Chisinau, Colón, Córdoba;
      DMT Dublin/Dunsink;
      EMT Easter;
      FFMT Fort-de-France;
@@ -501,22 +516,22 @@ in decreasing order of importance:
      SMT Santiago, Simferopol, Singapore, Stanley;
      TBMT Tbilisi;
      TMT Tallinn, Tehran;
-      WMT Warsaw</small>.
+      WMT Warsaw;
+      ZMT Zomba.</small>
    </p>

    <p>
    <small>A few abbreviations also follow the pattern that
    <abbr>GMT</abbr>/<abbr>BST</abbr> established for time in the UK.
    They are:
+      BMT/BST for Bermuda 1890&ndash;1930,
      CMT/BST for Calamarca Mean Time and Bolivian Summer Time
 	1890&ndash;1932,
      DMT/IST for Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time and Irish Summer Time
 	1880&ndash;1916,
      MMT/MST/MDST for Moscow 1880&ndash;1919, and
      RMT/LST for Riga Mean Time and Latvian Summer time 1880&ndash;1926.
-    An extra-special case is SET for Swedish Time (<em>svensk
-    normaltid</em>) 1879&ndash;1899, 3&deg; west of the Stockholm
-    Observatory.</small>
+    </small>
    </p>
  </li>
  <li>
@@ -692,14 +707,20 @@ href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/booked-a-global-history-of-time-vanes
    often not specified to the accuracy that the
    <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database requires.
  </li>
+  <li>
+    The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database cannot represent stopped clocks.
+    However, on 1911-03-11 at 00:00, some public-facing French clocks
+    were changed by stopping them for a few minutes to effect a transition.
+    The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database models this via a
+    backward transition; the relevant French legislation does not
+    specify exactly how the transition was to occur.
+  </li>
  <li>
    Sometimes historical timekeeping was specified more precisely
    than what the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code can handle.
-    For example, from 1909 to 1937 <a
-    href="https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm"
-    hreflang="nl">Netherlands clocks</a> were legally Amsterdam Mean
+    For example, from 1880 to 1916 clocks in Ireland observed Dublin Mean
    Time (estimated to be <abbr>UT</abbr>
-    +00:19:32.13), but the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
+    &minus;00:25:21.1), but the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
    code cannot represent the fractional second.
    In practice these old specifications were rarely if ever
    implemented to subsecond precision.
@@ -746,7 +767,8 @@ href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/booked-a-global-history-of-time-vanes
    the Western 06:00 to be 12:00. These practices are largely outside
    the scope of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data, which
    provide only limited support for date and time localization
-    such as that required by POSIX. If DST is not used a different time zone
+    such as that required by POSIX.
+    If <abbr>DST</abbr> is not used a different time zone
    can often do the trick; for example, in Kenya a <code>TZ</code> setting
    like <code>&lt;-03&gt;3</code> or <code>America/Cayenne</code> starts
    the day six hours later than <code>Africa/Nairobi</code> does.
@@ -1264,7 +1286,8 @@ The directly-supported mechanism assumes that <code>time_t</code>
 counts of seconds since the POSIX epoch normally include leap seconds,
 as opposed to POSIX <code>time_t</code> counts which exclude leap seconds.
 This modified timescale is converted to <abbr>UTC</abbr>
-at the same point that time zone and DST adjustments are applied &ndash;
+at the same point that time zone and <abbr>DST</abbr>
+adjustments are applied &ndash;
 namely, at calls to <code>localtime</code> and analogous functions &ndash;
 and the process is driven by leap second information
 stored in alternate versions of the <abbr>TZif</abbr> files.
@@ -1321,17 +1344,21 @@ They sometimes disagree.
 <section>
  <h2 id="planets">Time and time zones on other planets</h2>
 <p>
-Some people's work schedules
-use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars">Mars time</a>.
+Some people's work schedules have used
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars">Mars time</a>.
 Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) coordinators kept Mars time on
 and off during the
 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder">Mars
-Pathfinder</a> mission.
+Pathfinder</a> mission (1997).
 Some of their family members also adapted to Mars time.
 Dozens of special Mars watches were built for JPL workers who kept
-Mars time during the Mars Exploration Rovers mission (2004).
-These timepieces look like normal Seikos and Citizens but use Mars
-seconds rather than terrestrial seconds.
+Mars time during the
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover">Mars
+Exploration Rovers (MER)</a> mission (2004&ndash;2018).
+These timepieces looked like normal Seikos and Citizens but were adjusted
+to use Mars seconds rather than terrestrial seconds, although
+unfortunately the adjusted watches were unreliable and appear to have
+had only limited use.
 </p>

 <p>
@@ -1339,6 +1366,8 @@ A Mars solar day is called a "sol" and has a mean period equal to
 about 24 hours 39 minutes 35.244 seconds in terrestrial time.
 It is divided into a conventional 24-hour clock, so each Mars second
 equals about 1.02749125 terrestrial seconds.
+(One MER worker noted, "If I am working Mars hours, and Mars hours are
+2.5% more than Earth hours, shouldn't I get an extra 2.5% pay raise?")
 </p>

 <p>
@@ -1354,12 +1383,12 @@ called Mars Coordinated Time (<abbr>MTC</abbr>).
 <p>
 Each landed mission on Mars has adopted a different reference for
 solar timekeeping, so there is no real standard for Mars time zones.
-For example, the
-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover">Mars
-Exploration Rover</a> project (2004) defined two time zones "Local
+For example, the MER mission defined two time zones "Local
 Solar Time A" and "Local Solar Time B" for its two missions, each zone
 designed so that its time equals local true solar time at
 approximately the middle of the nominal mission.
+The A and B zones differ enough so that an MER worker assigned to
+the A zone might suffer "Mars lag" when switching to work in the B zone.
 Such a "time zone" is not particularly suited for any application
 other than the mission itself.
 </p>
@@ -1408,7 +1437,12 @@ Sources for time on other planets:
    Michael Allison and Robert Schmunk,
    "<a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/notes.html">Technical
      Notes on Mars Solar Time as Adopted by the Mars24 Sunclock</a>"
-    (2018-12-13).
+    (2020-03-08).
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Zara Mirmalek,
+    <em><a href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/making-time-mars">Making
+	Time on Mars</a></em>, MIT Press (March 2020), ISBN 978-0262043854.
  </li>
  <li>
    Jia-Rui Chong,
@@ -1 +1 @@
-2020a
+2022a
@@ -3,6 +3,13 @@
 # Contributed by Paul Eggert.  This file is in the public domain.

 # This is not a general-purpose converter; it is designed for current tzdata.
+# It just converts from current source to main, vanguard, and rearguard forms.
+# Although it might be nice for it to be idempotent, or to be useful
+# for converting back and forth between vanguard and rearguard formats,
+# it does not do these nonessential tasks now.
+#
+# Although main and vanguard forms are currently equivalent,
+# this need not always be the case.
 #
 # When converting to vanguard form, the output can use negative SAVE
 # values.
@@ -28,9 +35,9 @@ DATAFORM != "main" {
  in_comment = /^#/
  uncomment = comment_out = 0

-  # If the line should differ due to Czechoslovakia using negative SAVE values,
+  # If this line should differ due to Czechoslovakia using negative SAVE values,
  # uncomment the desired version and comment out the undesired one.
-  if (zone == "Europe/Prague" && /1947 Feb 23/) {
+  if (zone == "Europe/Prague" && /^#?[\t ]+[01]:00[\t ]/ && /1947 Feb 23/) {
    if (($(in_comment + 2) != "-") == vanguard) {
      uncomment = in_comment
    } else {
@@ -58,10 +65,11 @@ DATAFORM != "main" {
  # uncomment the desired version and comment out the undesired one.
  Rule_Namibia = /^#?Rule[\t ]+Namibia[\t ]/
  Zone_using_Namibia_rule \
-    = (zone == "Africa/Windhoek" \
+    = (zone == "Africa/Windhoek" && /^#?[\t ]+[12]:00[\t ]/ \
       && ($(in_comment + 2) == "Namibia" \
-	   || (1994 <= $(in_comment + 4) && $(in_comment + 4) <= 2017) \
-	   || in_comment + 3 == NF))
+	   || ($(in_comment + 2) == "-" && $(in_comment + 3) == "CAT" \
+	       && ((1994 <= $(in_comment + 4) && $(in_comment + 4) <= 2017) \
+		   || in_comment + 3 == NF))))
  if (Rule_Namibia || Zone_using_Namibia_rule) {
      if ((Rule_Namibia \
 	   ? ($(in_comment + 9) ~ /^-/ \
@@ -96,25 +104,32 @@ DATAFORM != "main" {
  }
  if (!vanguard && $1 == "Rule" && $2 == "Morocco" && 2019 <= $3) {
    if ($9 == "0") {
+      last_std_date = $3 " " $6 " " $7 "  " $8
      sub(/\t0\t/, "\t1:00\t")
    } else {
      sub(/\t-1:00\t/, "\t0\t")
    }
  }
  if (!vanguard && $1 == "1:00" && $2 == "Morocco" && $3 == "+01/+00") {
-    sub(/1:00\tMorocco\t\+01\/\+00$/, "0:00\tMorocco\t+00/+01")
+    # This introduces a transition from 01:59:59 +00 to 03:00:00 +01
+    # with both times being standard (i.e., a change to standard UT offset).
+    # This is rearguard's way to approximate the actual prediction,
+    # which is that of an ordinary transition from DST to standard time.
+    sub(/1:00\tMorocco\t\+01\/\+00$/,
+	"0:00\tMorocco\t+00/+01\t" last_std_date "\n\t\t\t 1:00\t-\t+01")
  }
 }

-# If a Link line is followed by a Zone line for the same data, comment
+# If a Link line is followed by a Link or Zone line for the same data, comment
 # out the Link line.  This can happen if backzone overrides a Link
-# with a Zone.
-/^Link/ {
-  linkline[$3] = NR
-}
+# with a Zone or a different Link.
 /^Zone/ {
  sub(/^Link/, "#Link", line[linkline[$2]])
 }
+/^Link/ {
+  sub(/^Link/, "#Link", line[linkline[$3]])
+  linkline[$3] = NR
+}

 { line[NR] = $0 }

@@ -166,9 +166,6 @@ function process_input_line(line, \
  ruleline = sub(/^Rule /, "R ", line)
  zoneline = sub(/^Zone /, "Z ", line)

-  # SystemV rules are not needed.
-  if (line ~ /^R SystemV /) return
-
  # Replace FooAsia rules with the same rules without "Asia", as they
  # are duplicates.
  if (match(line, /[^ ]Asia /)) {
@@ -275,7 +272,6 @@ BEGIN {
  default_dep["factory"] = 1
  default_dep["northamerica"] = 1
  default_dep["southamerica"] = 1
-  default_dep["systemv"] = 1
  default_dep["ziguard.awk"] = 1
  default_dep["zishrink.awk"] = 1

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2018-06-27):
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-09-20):
 # This file is intended as a backward-compatibility aid for older programs.
 # New programs should use zone1970.tab.  This file is like zone1970.tab (see
 # zone1970.tab's comments), but with the following additional restrictions:
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@
 # clocks have agreed since 1970; this is a narrower definition than
 # that of zone1970.tab.
 #
+# Unlike zone1970.tab, a row's third column can be a Link from
+# 'backward' instead of a Zone.
+#
 # This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select timezones
 # appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended to take or
 # endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
@@ -56,8 +59,7 @@ AS	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago
 AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
 AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
 AU	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island
-AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania (most areas)
-AU	-3956+14352	Australia/Currie	Tasmania (King Island)
+AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania
 AU	-3749+14458	Australia/Melbourne	Victoria
 AU	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	New South Wales (most areas)
 AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales (Yancowinna)
@@ -130,9 +132,9 @@ CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain - NT (west)
 CA	+4906-11631	America/Creston	MST - BC (Creston)
 CA	+5946-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	MST - BC (Dawson Cr, Ft St John)
 CA	+5848-12242	America/Fort_Nelson	MST - BC (Ft Nelson)
+CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	MST - Yukon (east)
+CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	MST - Yukon (west)
 CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific - BC (most areas)
-CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	Pacific - Yukon (east)
-CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	Pacific - Yukon (west)
 CC	-1210+09655	Indian/Cocos
 CD	-0418+01518	Africa/Kinshasa	Dem. Rep. of Congo (west)
 CD	-1140+02728	Africa/Lubumbashi	Dem. Rep. of Congo (east)
@@ -229,7 +231,7 @@ KE	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
 KG	+4254+07436	Asia/Bishkek
 KH	+1133+10455	Asia/Phnom_Penh
 KI	+0125+17300	Pacific/Tarawa	Gilbert Islands
-KI	-0308-17105	Pacific/Enderbury	Phoenix Islands
+KI	-0247-17143	Pacific/Kanton	Phoenix Islands
 KI	+0152-15720	Pacific/Kiritimati	Line Islands
 KM	-1141+04316	Indian/Comoro
 KN	+1718-06243	America/St_Kitts
@@ -337,8 +339,8 @@ RU	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	MSK+00 - Moscow area
 # Programs should use zone1970.tab instead; see above.
 UA	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	Crimea
 RU	+5836+04939	Europe/Kirov	MSK+00 - Kirov
+RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	MSK+00 - Volgograd
 RU	+4621+04803	Europe/Astrakhan	MSK+01 - Astrakhan
-RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	MSK+01 - Volgograd
 RU	+5134+04602	Europe/Saratov	MSK+01 - Saratov
 RU	+5420+04824	Europe/Ulyanovsk	MSK+01 - Ulyanovsk
 RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	MSK+01 - Samara, Udmurtia
@@ -392,7 +394,7 @@ TK	-0922-17114	Pacific/Fakaofo
 TL	-0833+12535	Asia/Dili
 TM	+3757+05823	Asia/Ashgabat
 TN	+3648+01011	Africa/Tunis
-TO	-2110-17510	Pacific/Tongatapu
+TO	-210800-1751200	Pacific/Tongatapu
 TR	+4101+02858	Europe/Istanbul
 TT	+1039-06131	America/Port_of_Spain
 TV	-0831+17913	Pacific/Funafuti
@@ -41,11 +41,9 @@ AL	+4120+01950	Europe/Tirane
 AM	+4011+04430	Asia/Yerevan
 AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey
 AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis
-AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville
 AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson
 AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer
 AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera
-AQ	-690022+0393524	Antarctica/Syowa	Syowa
 AQ	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll
 AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok
 AR	-3436-05827	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
@@ -64,8 +62,7 @@ AS,UM	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Samoa, Midway
 AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
 AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
 AU	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island
-AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania (most areas)
-AU	-3956+14352	Australia/Currie	Tasmania (King Island)
+AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania
 AU	-3749+14458	Australia/Melbourne	Victoria
 AU	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	New South Wales (most areas)
 AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales (Yancowinna)
@@ -99,7 +96,6 @@ BR	+0249-06040	America/Boa_Vista	Roraima
 BR	-0308-06001	America/Manaus	Amazonas (east)
 BR	-0640-06952	America/Eirunepe	Amazonas (west)
 BR	-0958-06748	America/Rio_Branco	Acre
-BS	+2505-07721	America/Nassau
 BT	+2728+08939	Asia/Thimphu
 BY	+5354+02734	Europe/Minsk
 BZ	+1730-08812	America/Belize
@@ -108,13 +104,11 @@ CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic - NS (most areas); PE
 CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic - NS (Cape Breton)
 CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic - New Brunswick
 CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic - Labrador (most areas)
-CA	+5125-05707	America/Blanc-Sablon	AST - QC (Lower North Shore)
-CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern - ON, QC (most areas)
+CA,BS	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern - ON, QC (most areas), Bahamas
 CA	+4901-08816	America/Nipigon	Eastern - ON, QC (no DST 1967-73)
 CA	+4823-08915	America/Thunder_Bay	Eastern - ON (Thunder Bay)
 CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern - NU (most east areas)
 CA	+6608-06544	America/Pangnirtung	Eastern - NU (Pangnirtung)
-CA	+484531-0913718	America/Atikokan	EST - ON (Atikokan); NU (Coral H)
 CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central - ON (west); Manitoba
 CA	+4843-09434	America/Rainy_River	Central - ON (Rainy R, Ft Frances)
 CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central - NU (Resolute)
@@ -125,15 +119,14 @@ CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain - AB; BC (E); SK (W)
 CA	+690650-1050310	America/Cambridge_Bay	Mountain - NU (west)
 CA	+6227-11421	America/Yellowknife	Mountain - NT (central)
 CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain - NT (west)
-CA	+4906-11631	America/Creston	MST - BC (Creston)
 CA	+5946-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	MST - BC (Dawson Cr, Ft St John)
 CA	+5848-12242	America/Fort_Nelson	MST - BC (Ft Nelson)
+CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	MST - Yukon (east)
+CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	MST - Yukon (west)
 CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific - BC (most areas)
-CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	Pacific - Yukon (east)
-CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	Pacific - Yukon (west)
 CC	-1210+09655	Indian/Cocos
 CH,DE,LI	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich	Swiss time
-CI,BF,GM,GN,ML,MR,SH,SL,SN,TG	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
+CI,BF,GH,GM,GN,ML,MR,SH,SL,SN,TG	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
 CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
 CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	Chile (most areas)
 CL	-5309-07055	America/Punta_Arenas	Region of Magallanes
@@ -144,7 +137,6 @@ CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
 CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
 CU	+2308-08222	America/Havana
 CV	+1455-02331	Atlantic/Cape_Verde
-CW,AW,BQ,SX	+1211-06900	America/Curacao
 CX	-1025+10543	Indian/Christmas
 CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia	Cyprus (most areas)
 CY	+3507+03357	Asia/Famagusta	Northern Cyprus
@@ -172,7 +164,6 @@ FR	+4852+00220	Europe/Paris
 GB,GG,IM,JE	+513030-0000731	Europe/London
 GE	+4143+04449	Asia/Tbilisi
 GF	+0456-05220	America/Cayenne
-GH	+0533-00013	Africa/Accra
 GI	+3608-00521	Europe/Gibraltar
 GL	+6411-05144	America/Nuuk	Greenland (most areas)
 GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	National Park (east coast)
@@ -206,7 +197,7 @@ JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
 KE,DJ,ER,ET,KM,MG,SO,TZ,UG,YT	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
 KG	+4254+07436	Asia/Bishkek
 KI	+0125+17300	Pacific/Tarawa	Gilbert Islands
-KI	-0308-17105	Pacific/Enderbury	Phoenix Islands
+KI	-0247-17143	Pacific/Kanton	Phoenix Islands
 KI	+0152-15720	Pacific/Kiritimati	Line Islands
 KP	+3901+12545	Asia/Pyongyang
 KR	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul
@@ -264,19 +255,19 @@ NR	-0031+16655	Pacific/Nauru
 NU	-1901-16955	Pacific/Niue
 NZ,AQ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	New Zealand time
 NZ	-4357-17633	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
-PA,KY	+0858-07932	America/Panama
+PA,CA,KY	+0858-07932	America/Panama	EST - Panama, Cayman, ON (Atikokan), NU (Coral H)
 PE	-1203-07703	America/Lima
 PF	-1732-14934	Pacific/Tahiti	Society Islands
 PF	-0900-13930	Pacific/Marquesas	Marquesas Islands
 PF	-2308-13457	Pacific/Gambier	Gambier Islands
-PG	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Papua New Guinea (most areas)
+PG,AQ	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Papua New Guinea (most areas), Dumont d'Urville
 PG	-0613+15534	Pacific/Bougainville	Bougainville
 PH	+1435+12100	Asia/Manila
 PK	+2452+06703	Asia/Karachi
 PL	+5215+02100	Europe/Warsaw
 PM	+4703-05620	America/Miquelon
 PN	-2504-13005	Pacific/Pitcairn
-PR	+182806-0660622	America/Puerto_Rico
+PR,AG,CA,AI,AW,BL,BQ,CW,DM,GD,GP,KN,LC,MF,MS,SX,TT,VC,VG,VI	+182806-0660622	America/Puerto_Rico	AST
 PS	+3130+03428	Asia/Gaza	Gaza Strip
 PS	+313200+0350542	Asia/Hebron	West Bank
 PT	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	Portugal (mainland)
@@ -293,8 +284,8 @@ RU	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	MSK+00 - Moscow area
 # Mention RU and UA alphabetically.  See "territorial claims" above.
 RU,UA	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	Crimea
 RU	+5836+04939	Europe/Kirov	MSK+00 - Kirov
+RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	MSK+00 - Volgograd
 RU	+4621+04803	Europe/Astrakhan	MSK+01 - Astrakhan
-RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	MSK+01 - Volgograd
 RU	+5134+04602	Europe/Saratov	MSK+01 - Saratov
 RU	+5420+04824	Europe/Ulyanovsk	MSK+01 - Ulyanovsk
 RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	MSK+01 - Samara, Udmurtia
@@ -316,12 +307,12 @@ RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	MSK+08 - Sakhalin Island
 RU	+6728+15343	Asia/Srednekolymsk	MSK+08 - Sakha (E); North Kuril Is
 RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	MSK+09 - Kamchatka
 RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	MSK+09 - Bering Sea
-SA,KW,YE	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh
+SA,AQ,KW,YE	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh	Arabia, Syowa
 SB	-0932+16012	Pacific/Guadalcanal
 SC	-0440+05528	Indian/Mahe
 SD	+1536+03232	Africa/Khartoum
 SE	+5920+01803	Europe/Stockholm
-SG	+0117+10351	Asia/Singapore
+SG,MY	+0117+10351	Asia/Singapore	Singapore, peninsular Malaysia
 SR	+0550-05510	America/Paramaribo
 SS	+0451+03137	Africa/Juba
 ST	+0020+00644	Africa/Sao_Tome
@@ -336,9 +327,8 @@ TK	-0922-17114	Pacific/Fakaofo
 TL	-0833+12535	Asia/Dili
 TM	+3757+05823	Asia/Ashgabat
 TN	+3648+01011	Africa/Tunis
-TO	-2110-17510	Pacific/Tongatapu
+TO	-210800-1751200	Pacific/Tongatapu
 TR	+4101+02858	Europe/Istanbul
-TT,AG,AI,BL,DM,GD,GP,KN,LC,MF,MS,VC,VG,VI	+1039-06131	America/Port_of_Spain
 TV	-0831+17913	Pacific/Funafuti
 TW	+2503+12130	Asia/Taipei
 UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kiev	Ukraine (most areas)
@@ -364,7 +354,7 @@ US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem	Central - ND (Morton rural)
 US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central - ND (Mercer)
 US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain (most areas)
 US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain - ID (south); OR (east)
-US	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	MST - Arizona (except Navajo)
+US,CA	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	MST - Arizona (except Navajo), Creston BC
 US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific
 US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska (most areas)
 US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska - Juneau area
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ while (<>) {
    }
    $contZone = $fields[1] if @fields > 5;
  } elsif ($type eq 'rule') {
-    # Rule  NAME  FROM  TO  TYPE  IN  ON  AT  SAVE  LETTER/S
+    # Rule  NAME  FROM  TO  -  IN  ON  AT  SAVE  LETTER/S
    @fields == 10 or warn "bad rule line";
  } elsif ($type eq 'link') {
    # Link  TARGET  LINK-NAME
@@ -7,6 +7,33 @@
 https://github.com/openssl/openssl/commits/ and pick the appropriate
 release branch.

+ Changes between 1.1.1g and 1.1.1h [22 Sep 2020]
+
+  *) Certificates with explicit curve parameters are now disallowed in
+     verification chains if the X509_V_FLAG_X509_STRICT flag is used.
+     [Tomas Mraz]
+
+  *) The 'MinProtocol' and 'MaxProtocol' configuration commands now silently
+     ignore TLS protocol version bounds when configuring DTLS-based contexts, and
+     conversely, silently ignore DTLS protocol version bounds when configuring
+     TLS-based contexts.  The commands can be repeated to set bounds of both
+     types.  The same applies with the corresponding "min_protocol" and
+     "max_protocol" command-line switches, in case some application uses both TLS
+     and DTLS.
+  
+     SSL_CTX instances that are created for a fixed protocol version (e.g.
+     TLSv1_server_method()) also silently ignore version bounds.  Previously
+     attempts to apply bounds to these protocol versions would result in an
+     error.  Now only the "version-flexible" SSL_CTX instances are subject to
+     limits in configuration files in command-line options.
+     [Viktor Dukhovni]
+
+  *) Handshake now fails if Extended Master Secret extension is dropped
+     on renegotiation.
+     [Tomas Mraz]
+
+  *) The Oracle Developer Studio compiler will start reporting deprecated APIs
+
 Changes between 1.1.1f and 1.1.1g [21 Apr 2020]

  *) Fixed segmentation fault in SSL_check_chain()
@@ -217,12 +217,22 @@ sub resolve_config;
 # Unified build supports separate build dir
 my $srcdir = catdir(absolutedir(dirname($0))); # catdir ensures local syntax
 my $blddir = catdir(absolutedir("."));         # catdir ensures local syntax
+
+# File::Spec::Unix doesn't detect case insensitivity, so we make sure to
+# check if the source and build directory are really the same, and make
+# them so.  This avoids all kinds of confusion later on.
+# We must check @File::Spec::ISA rather than using File::Spec->isa() to
+# know if File::Spec ended up loading File::Spec::Unix.
+$srcdir = $blddir
+    if (grep(/::Unix$/, @File::Spec::ISA)
+        && samedir($srcdir, $blddir));
+
 my $dofile = abs2rel(catfile($srcdir, "util/dofile.pl"));

 my $local_config_envname = 'OPENSSL_LOCAL_CONFIG_DIR';

-$config{sourcedir} = abs2rel($srcdir);
-$config{builddir} = abs2rel($blddir);
+$config{sourcedir} = abs2rel($srcdir, $blddir);
+$config{builddir} = abs2rel($blddir, $blddir);

 # Collect reconfiguration information if needed
 my @argvcopy=@ARGV;
@@ -1049,6 +1059,9 @@ if (scalar(@seed_sources) == 0) {
    print "Using os-specific seed configuration\n";
    push @seed_sources, 'os';
 }
+if (scalar(grep { $_ eq 'egd' } @seed_sources) > 0) {
+    delete $disabled{'egd'};
+}
 if (scalar(grep { $_ eq 'none' } @seed_sources) > 0) {
    die "Cannot seed with none and anything else" if scalar(@seed_sources) > 1;
    warn <<_____ if scalar(@seed_sources) == 1;
@@ -3424,6 +3437,27 @@ sub absolutedir {
    return realpath($dir);
 }

+# Check if all paths are one and the same, using stat.  They must both exist
+# We need this for the cases when File::Spec doesn't detect case insensitivity
+# (File::Spec::Unix assumes case sensitivity)
+sub samedir {
+    die "samedir expects two arguments\n" unless scalar @_ == 2;
+
+    my @stat0 = stat($_[0]);    # First argument
+    my @stat1 = stat($_[1]);    # Second argument
+
+    die "Couldn't stat $_[0]" unless @stat0;
+    die "Couldn't stat $_[1]" unless @stat1;
+
+    # Compare device number
+    return 0 unless ($stat0[0] == $stat1[0]);
+    # Compare "inode".  The perl manual recommends comparing as
+    # string rather than as number.
+    return 0 unless ($stat0[1] eq $stat1[1]);
+
+    return 1;                   # All the same
+}
+
 sub quotify {
    my %processors = (
        perl    => sub { my $x = shift;
@@ -5,6 +5,14 @@
  This file gives a brief overview of the major changes between each OpenSSL
  release. For more details please read the CHANGES file.

+  Major changes between OpenSSL 1.1.1g and OpenSSL 1.1.1h [22 Sep 2020]
+
+      o Disallow explicit curve parameters in verifications chains when
+        X509_V_FLAG_X509_STRICT is used
+      o Enable 'MinProtocol' and 'MaxProtocol' to configure both TLS and DTLS
+        contexts
+      o Oracle Developer Studio will start reporting deprecation warnings
+
  Major changes between OpenSSL 1.1.1f and OpenSSL 1.1.1g [21 Apr 2020]

      o Fixed segmentation fault in SSL_check_chain() (CVE-2020-1967)
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@

        $ cpan -f -i Text::Template

-    Note: on VMS, you must quote any argument that contains upper case
+    Note: on VMS, you must quote any argument that contains uppercase
    characters, so the lines above would be:

        $ cpan -i "Text::Template"
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@

- OpenSSL 1.1.1g 21 Apr 2020
+ OpenSSL 1.1.1h 22 Sep 2020

 Copyright (c) 1998-2020 The OpenSSL Project
 Copyright (c) 1995-1998 Eric A. Young, Tim J. Hudson
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2006-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2006-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -177,9 +177,12 @@ int genpkey_main(int argc, char **argv)
        goto end;
    }

+    ret = 0;
+
    if (rv <= 0) {
        BIO_puts(bio_err, "Error writing key\n");
        ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
+        ret = 1;
    }

    if (text) {
@@ -191,11 +194,10 @@ int genpkey_main(int argc, char **argv)
        if (rv <= 0) {
            BIO_puts(bio_err, "Error printing key\n");
            ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
+            ret = 1;
        }
    }

-    ret = 0;
-
 end:
    EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
    EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(ctx);
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-
 MIISKAIBAAKCBAEAiQ2f1X6Bte1DKD0OoCBKEikzPW+5w3oXk3WwnE97Wxzy6wJZ
 ebbZC3CZKKBnJeBMrysPf+lK+9+fP6Vm8bp1wvbcSIA59BDrX6irFSuM/bdnkbuF
 MFlDjt+uVrxwoyqfPi2IPot1HQg3l5mdyBqcTWvbOnU2L9HZxJfPUCjfzdTMPrMY
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ JH1/Qx7C/mTAMRsN5SkOthnGq0djCNWfPv/3JV0H67Uf5krFlnwLebrgfTYoPPdo
 yO7iBUNJzv6Qh22malLp4P8gzACkD7DGlSTnoB5cLwcjmDGg+i9WrUBbOiVTeQfZ
 kOj1o+Tz35ndpq/DDUVlqliB9krcxva+QHeJPH53EGI+YVg1nD+s/vUDZ3mQMGX9
 DQou2L8uU6RnWNv/BihGcL8QvS4Ty6QyPOUPpD3zc70JQAEcQk9BxQNaELgJX0IN
-22cYn22tYvElew9G41OpDqzBRcfbdJmKXQ2HcroShutYJQRGUpAXHk24fy6JVkIU
+2cYUn22tYvElew9G41OpDqzBRcfbdJmKXQ2HcroShutYJQRGUpAXHk24fy6JVkIU
 ojF5U6cwextMja1ZIIZgh9eugIRUeIE7319nQNDzuXWjRCcoBLA25P7wnpHWDRpz
 D9ovXCIvdja74lL5psqobV6L5+fbLPkSgXoImKR0LQKCAgAIC9Jk8kxumCyIVGCP
 PeM5Uby9M3GMuKrfYsn0Y5e97+kSJF1dpojTodBgR2KQar6eVrvXt+8uZCcIjfx8
@@ -98,4 +97,3 @@ TwEgE67iOb2iIoUpon/NyP4LesMzvdpsu2JFlfz13PmmQ34mFI7tWvOb3NA5DP3c
 rMlMLtKfp2w8HlMZpsUlToNCx6CI+tJrohzcs3BAVAbjFAXRKWGijB1rxwyDdHPv
 I+/wJTNaRNPQ1M0SwtEL/zJd21y3KSPn4eL+GP3efhlDSjtlDvZqkdAUsU8=
 -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 1995-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 1995-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 * Copyright 2005 Nokia. All rights reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
@@ -1283,22 +1283,42 @@ int s_client_main(int argc, char **argv)
        case OPT_SSL3:
            min_version = SSL3_VERSION;
            max_version = SSL3_VERSION;
+            socket_type = SOCK_STREAM;
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DTLS
+            isdtls = 0;
+#endif
            break;
        case OPT_TLS1_3:
            min_version = TLS1_3_VERSION;
            max_version = TLS1_3_VERSION;
+            socket_type = SOCK_STREAM;
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DTLS
+            isdtls = 0;
+#endif
            break;
        case OPT_TLS1_2:
            min_version = TLS1_2_VERSION;
            max_version = TLS1_2_VERSION;
+            socket_type = SOCK_STREAM;
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DTLS
+            isdtls = 0;
+#endif
            break;
        case OPT_TLS1_1:
            min_version = TLS1_1_VERSION;
            max_version = TLS1_1_VERSION;
+            socket_type = SOCK_STREAM;
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DTLS
+            isdtls = 0;
+#endif
            break;
        case OPT_TLS1:
            min_version = TLS1_VERSION;
            max_version = TLS1_VERSION;
+            socket_type = SOCK_STREAM;
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DTLS
+            isdtls = 0;
+#endif
            break;
        case OPT_DTLS:
 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DTLS
@@ -140,9 +140,9 @@ const OPTIONS x509_options[] = {
    {"", OPT_MD, '-', "Any supported digest"},
 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_MD5
    {"subject_hash_old", OPT_SUBJECT_HASH_OLD, '-',
-     "Print old-style (MD5) issuer hash value"},
-    {"issuer_hash_old", OPT_ISSUER_HASH_OLD, '-',
     "Print old-style (MD5) subject hash value"},
+    {"issuer_hash_old", OPT_ISSUER_HASH_OLD, '-',
+     "Print old-style (MD5) issuer hash value"},
 #endif
 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
    {"engine", OPT_ENGINE, 's', "Use engine, possibly a hardware device"},
@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@ before_build:
    - cd ..
    - ps: >-
        if (-not $env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_NUMBER`
-            -or (&git log -2 | Select-String "\[extended tests\]") ) {
+            -or (&git log -1 $env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_COMMIT |
+                 Select-String "\[extended tests\]") ) {
            $env:EXTENDED_TESTS="yes"
        }

@@ -673,357 +673,6 @@ void AES_decrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,

    InvCipher(in, out, rk, key->rounds);
 }
-
-# ifndef OPENSSL_SMALL_FOOTPRINT
-void AES_ctr32_encrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,
-                       size_t blocks, const AES_KEY *key,
-                       const unsigned char *ivec);
-
-static void RawToBits(const u8 raw[64], u64 bits[8])
-{
-    int i, j;
-    u64 in, out;
-
-    memset(bits, 0, 64);
-    for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
-        in = 0;
-        for (j = 0; j < 8; j++)
-            in |= ((u64)raw[i * 8 + j]) << (8 * j);
-        out = in & 0xF0F0F0F00F0F0F0FuLL;
-        out |= (in & 0x0F0F0F0F00000000uLL) >> 28;
-        out |= (in & 0x00000000F0F0F0F0uLL) << 28;
-        in = out & 0xCCCC3333CCCC3333uLL;
-        in |= (out & 0x3333000033330000uLL) >> 14;
-        in |= (out & 0x0000CCCC0000CCCCuLL) << 14;
-        out = in & 0xAA55AA55AA55AA55uLL;
-        out |= (in & 0x5500550055005500uLL) >> 7;
-        out |= (in & 0x00AA00AA00AA00AAuLL) << 7;
-        for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
-            bits[j] |= (out & 0xFFuLL) << (8 * i);
-            out = out >> 8;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-static void BitsToRaw(const u64 bits[8], u8 raw[64])
-{
-    int i, j;
-    u64 in, out;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
-        in = 0;
-        for (j = 0; j < 8; j++)
-            in |= ((bits[j] >> (8 * i)) & 0xFFuLL) << (8 * j);
-        out = in & 0xF0F0F0F00F0F0F0FuLL;
-        out |= (in & 0x0F0F0F0F00000000uLL) >> 28;
-        out |= (in & 0x00000000F0F0F0F0uLL) << 28;
-        in = out & 0xCCCC3333CCCC3333uLL;
-        in |= (out & 0x3333000033330000uLL) >> 14;
-        in |= (out & 0x0000CCCC0000CCCCuLL) << 14;
-        out = in & 0xAA55AA55AA55AA55uLL;
-        out |= (in & 0x5500550055005500uLL) >> 7;
-        out |= (in & 0x00AA00AA00AA00AAuLL) << 7;
-        for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
-            raw[i * 8 + j] = (u8)out;
-            out = out >> 8;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-static void BitsXtime(u64 state[8])
-{
-    u64 b;
-
-    b = state[7];
-    state[7] = state[6];
-    state[6] = state[5];
-    state[5] = state[4];
-    state[4] = state[3] ^ b;
-    state[3] = state[2] ^ b;
-    state[2] = state[1];
-    state[1] = state[0] ^ b;
-    state[0] = b;
-}
-
-/*
- * This S-box implementation follows a circuit described in
- * Boyar and Peralta: "A new combinational logic minimization
- * technique with applications to cryptology."
- * https://eprint.iacr.org/2009/191.pdf
- *
- * The math is similar to above, in that it uses
- * a tower field of GF(2^2^2^2) but with a different
- * basis representation, that is better suited to
- * logic designs.
- */
-static void BitsSub(u64 state[8])
-{
-    u64 x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7;
-    u64 y1, y2, y3, y4, y5, y6, y7, y8, y9, y10, y11;
-    u64 y12, y13, y14, y15, y16, y17, y18, y19, y20, y21;
-    u64 t0, t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, t7, t8, t9, t10, t11;
-    u64 t12, t13, t14, t15, t16, t17, t18, t19, t20, t21;
-    u64 t22, t23, t24, t25, t26, t27, t28, t29, t30, t31;
-    u64 t32, t33, t34, t35, t36, t37, t38, t39, t40, t41;
-    u64 t42, t43, t44, t45, t46, t47, t48, t49, t50, t51;
-    u64 t52, t53, t54, t55, t56, t57, t58, t59, t60, t61;
-    u64 t62, t63, t64, t65, t66, t67;
-    u64 z0, z1, z2, z3, z4, z5, z6, z7, z8, z9, z10, z11;
-    u64 z12, z13, z14, z15, z16, z17;
-    u64 s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6, s7;
-
-    x7 = state[0];
-    x6 = state[1];
-    x5 = state[2];
-    x4 = state[3];
-    x3 = state[4];
-    x2 = state[5];
-    x1 = state[6];
-    x0 = state[7];
-    y14 = x3 ^ x5;
-    y13 = x0 ^ x6;
-    y9 = x0 ^ x3;
-    y8 = x0 ^ x5;
-    t0 = x1 ^ x2;
-    y1 = t0 ^ x7;
-    y4 = y1 ^ x3;
-    y12 = y13 ^ y14;
-    y2 = y1 ^ x0;
-    y5 = y1 ^ x6;
-    y3 = y5 ^ y8;
-    t1 = x4 ^ y12;
-    y15 = t1 ^ x5;
-    y20 = t1 ^ x1;
-    y6 = y15 ^ x7;
-    y10 = y15 ^ t0;
-    y11 = y20 ^ y9;
-    y7 = x7 ^ y11;
-    y17 = y10 ^ y11;
-    y19 = y10 ^ y8;
-    y16 = t0 ^ y11;
-    y21 = y13 ^ y16;
-    y18 = x0 ^ y16;
-    t2 = y12 & y15;
-    t3 = y3 & y6;
-    t4 = t3 ^ t2;
-    t5 = y4 & x7;
-    t6 = t5 ^ t2;
-    t7 = y13 & y16;
-    t8 = y5 & y1;
-    t9 = t8 ^ t7;
-    t10 = y2 & y7;
-    t11 = t10 ^ t7;
-    t12 = y9 & y11;
-    t13 = y14 & y17;
-    t14 = t13 ^ t12;
-    t15 = y8 & y10;
-    t16 = t15 ^ t12;
-    t17 = t4 ^ t14;
-    t18 = t6 ^ t16;
-    t19 = t9 ^ t14;
-    t20 = t11 ^ t16;
-    t21 = t17 ^ y20;
-    t22 = t18 ^ y19;
-    t23 = t19 ^ y21;
-    t24 = t20 ^ y18;
-    t25 = t21 ^ t22;
-    t26 = t21 & t23;
-    t27 = t24 ^ t26;
-    t28 = t25 & t27;
-    t29 = t28 ^ t22;
-    t30 = t23 ^ t24;
-    t31 = t22 ^ t26;
-    t32 = t31 & t30;
-    t33 = t32 ^ t24;
-    t34 = t23 ^ t33;
-    t35 = t27 ^ t33;
-    t36 = t24 & t35;
-    t37 = t36 ^ t34;
-    t38 = t27 ^ t36;
-    t39 = t29 & t38;
-    t40 = t25 ^ t39;
-    t41 = t40 ^ t37;
-    t42 = t29 ^ t33;
-    t43 = t29 ^ t40;
-    t44 = t33 ^ t37;
-    t45 = t42 ^ t41;
-    z0 = t44 & y15;
-    z1 = t37 & y6;
-    z2 = t33 & x7;
-    z3 = t43 & y16;
-    z4 = t40 & y1;
-    z5 = t29 & y7;
-    z6 = t42 & y11;
-    z7 = t45 & y17;
-    z8 = t41 & y10;
-    z9 = t44 & y12;
-    z10 = t37 & y3;
-    z11 = t33 & y4;
-    z12 = t43 & y13;
-    z13 = t40 & y5;
-    z14 = t29 & y2;
-    z15 = t42 & y9;
-    z16 = t45 & y14;
-    z17 = t41 & y8;
-    t46 = z15 ^ z16;
-    t47 = z10 ^ z11;
-    t48 = z5 ^ z13;
-    t49 = z9 ^ z10;
-    t50 = z2 ^ z12;
-    t51 = z2 ^ z5;
-    t52 = z7 ^ z8;
-    t53 = z0 ^ z3;
-    t54 = z6 ^ z7;
-    t55 = z16 ^ z17;
-    t56 = z12 ^ t48;
-    t57 = t50 ^ t53;
-    t58 = z4 ^ t46;
-    t59 = z3 ^ t54;
-    t60 = t46 ^ t57;
-    t61 = z14 ^ t57;
-    t62 = t52 ^ t58;
-    t63 = t49 ^ t58;
-    t64 = z4 ^ t59;
-    t65 = t61 ^ t62;
-    t66 = z1 ^ t63;
-    s0 = t59 ^ t63;
-    s6 = ~(t56 ^ t62);
-    s7 = ~(t48 ^ t60);
-    t67 = t64 ^ t65;
-    s3 = t53 ^ t66;
-    s4 = t51 ^ t66;
-    s5 = t47 ^ t65;
-    s1 = ~(t64 ^ s3);
-    s2 = ~(t55 ^ t67);
-    state[0] = s7;
-    state[1] = s6;
-    state[2] = s5;
-    state[3] = s4;
-    state[4] = s3;
-    state[5] = s2;
-    state[6] = s1;
-    state[7] = s0;
-}
-
-static void BitsShiftRows(u64 state[8])
-{
-    u64 s, s0;
-    int i;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
-        s = state[i];
-        s0 = s & 0x1111111111111111uLL;
-        s0 |= ((s & 0x2220222022202220uLL) >> 4) | ((s & 0x0002000200020002uLL) << 12);
-        s0 |= ((s & 0x4400440044004400uLL) >> 8) | ((s & 0x0044004400440044uLL) << 8);
-        s0 |= ((s & 0x8000800080008000uLL) >> 12) | ((s & 0x0888088808880888uLL) << 4);
-        state[i] = s0;
-    }
-}
-
-static void BitsMixColumns(u64 state[8])
-{
-    u64 s1, s;
-    u64 s0[8];
-    int i;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
-        s1 = state[i];
-        s = s1;
-        s ^= ((s & 0xCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCuLL) >> 2) | ((s & 0x3333333333333333uLL) << 2);
-        s ^= ((s & 0xAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAuLL) >> 1) | ((s & 0x5555555555555555uLL) << 1);
-        s ^= s1;
-        s0[i] = s;
-    }
-    BitsXtime(state);
-    for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
-        s1 = state[i];
-        s = s0[i];
-        s ^= s1;
-        s ^= ((s1 & 0xEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEuLL) >> 1) | ((s1 & 0x1111111111111111uLL) << 3);
-        state[i] = s;
-    }
-}
-
-static void BitsAddRoundKey(u64 state[8], const u64 key[8])
-{
-    int i;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
-        state[i] ^= key[i];
-}
-
-void AES_ctr32_encrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,
-                       size_t blocks, const AES_KEY *key,
-                       const unsigned char *ivec)
-{
-    struct {
-        u8 cipher[64];
-        u64 state[8];
-        u64 rd_key[AES_MAXNR + 1][8];
-    } *bs;
-    u32 ctr32;
-    int i;
-
-    ctr32 = GETU32(ivec + 12);
-    if (blocks >= 4
-            && (bs = OPENSSL_malloc(sizeof(*bs)))) {
-        for (i = 0; i < key->rounds + 1; i++) {
-            memcpy(bs->cipher + 0, &key->rd_key[4 * i], 16);
-            memcpy(bs->cipher + 16, bs->cipher, 16);
-            memcpy(bs->cipher + 32, bs->cipher, 32);
-            RawToBits(bs->cipher, bs->rd_key[i]);
-        }
-        while (blocks) {
-            memcpy(bs->cipher, ivec, 12);
-            PUTU32(bs->cipher + 12, ctr32);
-            ctr32++;
-            memcpy(bs->cipher + 16, ivec, 12);
-            PUTU32(bs->cipher + 28, ctr32);
-            ctr32++;
-            memcpy(bs->cipher + 32, ivec, 12);
-            PUTU32(bs->cipher + 44, ctr32);
-            ctr32++;
-            memcpy(bs->cipher + 48, ivec, 12);
-            PUTU32(bs->cipher + 60, ctr32);
-            ctr32++;
-            RawToBits(bs->cipher, bs->state);
-            BitsAddRoundKey(bs->state, bs->rd_key[0]);
-            for (i = 1; i < key->rounds; i++) {
-                BitsSub(bs->state);
-                BitsShiftRows(bs->state);
-                BitsMixColumns(bs->state);
-                BitsAddRoundKey(bs->state, bs->rd_key[i]);
-            }
-            BitsSub(bs->state);
-            BitsShiftRows(bs->state);
-            BitsAddRoundKey(bs->state, bs->rd_key[key->rounds]);
-            BitsToRaw(bs->state, bs->cipher);
-            for (i = 0; i < 64 && blocks; i++) {
-                out[i] = in[i] ^ bs->cipher[i];
-                if ((i & 15) == 15)
-                    blocks--;
-            }
-            in += i;
-            out += i;
-        }
-        OPENSSL_clear_free(bs, sizeof(*bs));
-    } else {
-        unsigned char cipher[16];
-
-        while (blocks) {
-            memcpy(cipher, ivec, 12);
-            PUTU32(cipher + 12, ctr32);
-            AES_encrypt(cipher, cipher, key);
-            for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
-                out[i] = in[i] ^ cipher[i];
-            in += 16;
-            out += 16;
-            ctr32++;
-            blocks--;
-        }
-    }
-}
-# endif
 #elif !defined(AES_ASM)
 /*-
 Te0[x] = S [x].[02, 01, 01, 03];
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2006-2016 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2006-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -12,11 +12,6 @@
 #include <openssl/aes.h>
 #include "aes_local.h"

-#define N_WORDS (AES_BLOCK_SIZE / sizeof(unsigned long))
-typedef struct {
-    unsigned long data[N_WORDS];
-} aes_block_t;
-
 /* XXX: probably some better way to do this */
 #if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
 # define UNALIGNED_MEMOPS_ARE_FAST 1
@@ -24,6 +19,15 @@ typedef struct {
 # define UNALIGNED_MEMOPS_ARE_FAST 0
 #endif

+#define N_WORDS (AES_BLOCK_SIZE / sizeof(unsigned long))
+typedef struct {
+    unsigned long data[N_WORDS];
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && UNALIGNED_MEMOPS_ARE_FAST
+} aes_block_t __attribute((__aligned__(1)));
+#else
+} aes_block_t;
+#endif
+
 #if UNALIGNED_MEMOPS_ARE_FAST
 # define load_block(d, s)        (d) = *(const aes_block_t *)(s)
 # define store_block(d, s)       *(aes_block_t *)(d) = (s)
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
 * Generated by util/mkerr.pl DO NOT EDIT
- * Copyright 1995-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 1995-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ static const ERR_STRING_DATA ASN1_str_functs[] = {
     "asn1_item_embed_d2i"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_ASN1, ASN1_F_ASN1_ITEM_EMBED_NEW, 0),
     "asn1_item_embed_new"},
+    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_ASN1, ASN1_F_ASN1_ITEM_EX_I2D, 0), "ASN1_item_ex_i2d"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_ASN1, ASN1_F_ASN1_ITEM_FLAGS_I2D, 0),
     "asn1_item_flags_i2d"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_ASN1, ASN1_F_ASN1_ITEM_I2D_BIO, 0), "ASN1_item_i2d_bio"},
@@ -160,6 +161,7 @@ static const ERR_STRING_DATA ASN1_str_reasons[] = {
    "asn1 sig parse error"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_ASN1, 0, ASN1_R_AUX_ERROR), "aux error"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_ASN1, 0, ASN1_R_BAD_OBJECT_HEADER), "bad object header"},
+    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_ASN1, 0, ASN1_R_BAD_TEMPLATE), "bad template"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_ASN1, 0, ASN1_R_BMPSTRING_IS_WRONG_LENGTH),
    "bmpstring is wrong length"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_ASN1, 0, ASN1_R_BN_LIB), "bn lib"},
@@ -292,7 +292,12 @@ int ASN1_STRING_set(ASN1_STRING *str, const void *_data, int len_in)
    }
    if ((size_t)str->length <= len || str->data == NULL) {
        c = str->data;
+#ifdef FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION
+        /* No NUL terminator in fuzzing builds */
+        str->data = OPENSSL_realloc(c, len);
+#else
        str->data = OPENSSL_realloc(c, len + 1);
+#endif
        if (str->data == NULL) {
            ASN1err(ASN1_F_ASN1_STRING_SET, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
            str->data = c;
@@ -302,8 +307,13 @@ int ASN1_STRING_set(ASN1_STRING *str, const void *_data, int len_in)
    str->length = len;
    if (data != NULL) {
        memcpy(str->data, data, len);
-        /* an allowance for strings :-) */
+#ifndef FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION
+        /*
+         * Add a NUL terminator. This should not be necessary - but we add it as
+         * a safety precaution
+         */
        str->data[len] = '\0';
+#endif
    }
    return 1;
 }
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 1995-2016 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 1995-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -56,6 +56,8 @@ EVP_PKEY *d2i_PrivateKey(int type, EVP_PKEY **a, const unsigned char **pp,
                goto err;
            EVP_PKEY_free(ret);
            ret = tmp;
+            if (EVP_PKEY_type(type) != EVP_PKEY_base_id(ret))
+                goto err;
        } else {
            ASN1err(ASN1_F_D2I_PRIVATEKEY, ERR_R_ASN1_LIB);
            goto err;
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ int NETSCAPE_SPKI_print(BIO *out, NETSCAPE_SPKI *spki)
    }
    chal = spki->spkac->challenge;
    if (chal->length)
-        BIO_printf(out, "  Challenge String: %s\n", chal->data);
+        BIO_printf(out, "  Challenge String: %.*s\n", chal->length, chal->data);
    i = OBJ_obj2nid(spki->sig_algor.algorithm);
    BIO_printf(out, "  Signature Algorithm: %s",
               (i == NID_undef) ? "UNKNOWN" : OBJ_nid2ln(i));
@@ -182,6 +182,15 @@ static int asn1_item_embed_d2i(ASN1_VALUE **pval, const unsigned char **in,
                                     tag, aclass, opt, ctx);

    case ASN1_ITYPE_MSTRING:
+        /*
+         * It never makes sense for multi-strings to have implicit tagging, so
+         * if tag != -1, then this looks like an error in the template.
+         */
+        if (tag != -1) {
+            ASN1err(ASN1_F_ASN1_ITEM_EMBED_D2I, ASN1_R_BAD_TEMPLATE);
+            goto err;
+        }
+
        p = *in;
        /* Just read in tag and class */
        ret = asn1_check_tlen(NULL, &otag, &oclass, NULL, NULL,
@@ -199,6 +208,7 @@ static int asn1_item_embed_d2i(ASN1_VALUE **pval, const unsigned char **in,
            ASN1err(ASN1_F_ASN1_ITEM_EMBED_D2I, ASN1_R_MSTRING_NOT_UNIVERSAL);
            goto err;
        }
+
        /* Check tag matches bit map */
        if (!(ASN1_tag2bit(otag) & it->utype)) {
            /* If OPTIONAL, assume this is OK */
@@ -215,6 +225,15 @@ static int asn1_item_embed_d2i(ASN1_VALUE **pval, const unsigned char **in,
        return ef->asn1_ex_d2i(pval, in, len, it, tag, aclass, opt, ctx);

    case ASN1_ITYPE_CHOICE:
+        /*
+         * It never makes sense for CHOICE types to have implicit tagging, so
+         * if tag != -1, then this looks like an error in the template.
+         */
+        if (tag != -1) {
+            ASN1err(ASN1_F_ASN1_ITEM_EMBED_D2I, ASN1_R_BAD_TEMPLATE);
+            goto err;
+        }
+
        if (asn1_cb && !asn1_cb(ASN1_OP_D2I_PRE, pval, it, NULL))
            goto auxerr;
        if (*pval) {
@@ -103,9 +103,25 @@ int ASN1_item_ex_i2d(ASN1_VALUE **pval, unsigned char **out,
        return asn1_i2d_ex_primitive(pval, out, it, tag, aclass);

    case ASN1_ITYPE_MSTRING:
+        /*
+         * It never makes sense for multi-strings to have implicit tagging, so
+         * if tag != -1, then this looks like an error in the template.
+         */
+        if (tag != -1) {
+            ASN1err(ASN1_F_ASN1_ITEM_EX_I2D, ASN1_R_BAD_TEMPLATE);
+            return -1;
+        }
        return asn1_i2d_ex_primitive(pval, out, it, -1, aclass);

    case ASN1_ITYPE_CHOICE:
+        /*
+         * It never makes sense for CHOICE types to have implicit tagging, so
+         * if tag != -1, then this looks like an error in the template.
+         */
+        if (tag != -1) {
+            ASN1err(ASN1_F_ASN1_ITEM_EX_I2D, ASN1_R_BAD_TEMPLATE);
+            return -1;
+        }
        if (asn1_cb && !asn1_cb(ASN1_OP_I2D_PRE, pval, it, NULL))
            return 0;
        i = asn1_get_choice_selector(pval, it);
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 1998-2016 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 1998-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -92,3 +92,35 @@ int X509_ALGOR_cmp(const X509_ALGOR *a, const X509_ALGOR *b)
        return 0;
    return ASN1_TYPE_cmp(a->parameter, b->parameter);
 }
+
+int X509_ALGOR_copy(X509_ALGOR *dest, const X509_ALGOR *src)
+{
+    if (src == NULL || dest == NULL)
+	return 0;
+
+    if (dest->algorithm)
+         ASN1_OBJECT_free(dest->algorithm);
+    dest->algorithm = NULL;
+
+    if (dest->parameter)
+        ASN1_TYPE_free(dest->parameter);
+    dest->parameter = NULL;
+
+    if (src->algorithm)
+        if ((dest->algorithm = OBJ_dup(src->algorithm)) == NULL)
+	    return 0;
+
+    if (src->parameter) {
+        dest->parameter = ASN1_TYPE_new();
+        if (dest->parameter == NULL)
+            return 0;
+
+        /* Assuming this is also correct for a BOOL.
+         * set does copy as a side effect.
+         */
+        if (ASN1_TYPE_set1(dest->parameter, 
+                src->parameter->type, src->parameter->value.ptr) == 0)
+            return 0;
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 1995-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 1995-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -635,7 +635,11 @@ fmtfp(char **sbuffer,
            fvalue = tmpvalue;
    }
    ufvalue = abs_val(fvalue);
-    if (ufvalue > ULONG_MAX) {
+    /*
+     * By subtracting 65535 (2^16-1) we cancel the low order 15 bits
+     * of ULONG_MAX to avoid using imprecise floating point values.
+     */
+    if (ufvalue >= (double)(ULONG_MAX - 65535) + 65536.0) {
        /* Number too big */
        return 0;
    }
@@ -434,8 +434,10 @@ static long acpt_ctrl(BIO *b, int cmd, long num, void *ptr)
                b->init = 1;
            } else if (num == 1) {
                OPENSSL_free(data->param_serv);
-                data->param_serv = BUF_strdup(ptr);
-                b->init = 1;
+                if ((data->param_serv = OPENSSL_strdup(ptr)) == NULL)
+                    ret = 0;
+                else
+                    b->init = 1;
            } else if (num == 2) {
                data->bind_mode |= BIO_SOCK_NONBLOCK;
            } else if (num == 3) {
@@ -186,8 +186,17 @@ static int conn_state(BIO *b, BIO_CONNECT *c)

        case BIO_CONN_S_BLOCKED_CONNECT:
            i = BIO_sock_error(b->num);
-            if (i) {
+            if (i != 0) {
                BIO_clear_retry_flags(b);
+                if ((c->addr_iter = BIO_ADDRINFO_next(c->addr_iter)) != NULL) {
+                    /*
+                     * if there are more addresses to try, do that first
+                     */
+                    BIO_closesocket(b->num);
+                    c->state = BIO_CONN_S_CREATE_SOCKET;
+                    ERR_clear_error();
+                    break;
+                }
                SYSerr(SYS_F_CONNECT, i);
                ERR_add_error_data(4,
                                   "hostname=", c->param_hostname,
@@ -407,12 +416,13 @@ static long conn_ctrl(BIO *b, int cmd, long num, void *ptr)
    case BIO_C_SET_CONNECT:
        if (ptr != NULL) {
            b->init = 1;
-            if (num == 0) {
+            if (num == 0) { /* BIO_set_conn_hostname */
                char *hold_service = data->param_service;
                /* We affect the hostname regardless.  However, the input
                 * string might contain a host:service spec, so we must
                 * parse it, which might or might not affect the service
                 */
+
                OPENSSL_free(data->param_hostname);
                data->param_hostname = NULL;
                ret = BIO_parse_hostserv(ptr,
@@ -421,19 +431,29 @@ static long conn_ctrl(BIO *b, int cmd, long num, void *ptr)
                                         BIO_PARSE_PRIO_HOST);
                if (hold_service != data->param_service)
                    OPENSSL_free(hold_service);
-            } else if (num == 1) {
+            } else if (num == 1) { /* BIO_set_conn_port */
                OPENSSL_free(data->param_service);
-                data->param_service = BUF_strdup(ptr);
-            } else if (num == 2) {
+                if ((data->param_service = OPENSSL_strdup(ptr)) == NULL)
+                    ret = 0;
+            } else if (num == 2) { /* BIO_set_conn_address */
                const BIO_ADDR *addr = (const BIO_ADDR *)ptr;
+                char *host = BIO_ADDR_hostname_string(addr, 1);
+                char *service = BIO_ADDR_service_string(addr, 1);
+
+                ret = host != NULL && service != NULL;
                if (ret) {
-                    data->param_hostname = BIO_ADDR_hostname_string(addr, 1);
-                    data->param_service = BIO_ADDR_service_string(addr, 1);
+                    OPENSSL_free(data->param_hostname);
+                    data->param_hostname = host;
+                    OPENSSL_free(data->param_service);
+                    data->param_service = service;
                    BIO_ADDRINFO_free(data->addr_first);
                    data->addr_first = NULL;
                    data->addr_iter = NULL;
+                } else {
+                    OPENSSL_free(host);
+                    OPENSSL_free(service);
                }
-            } else if (num == 3) {
+            } else if (num == 3) { /* BIO_set_conn_ip_family */
                data->connect_family = *(int *)ptr;
            } else {
                ret = 0;
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 1995-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 1995-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -10,22 +10,189 @@
 #include "internal/cryptlib.h"
 #include "bn_local.h"

-/* solves ax == 1 (mod n) */
-static BIGNUM *BN_mod_inverse_no_branch(BIGNUM *in,
-                                        const BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *n,
-                                        BN_CTX *ctx);
-
-BIGNUM *BN_mod_inverse(BIGNUM *in,
-                       const BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *n, BN_CTX *ctx)
+/*
+ * bn_mod_inverse_no_branch is a special version of BN_mod_inverse. It does
+ * not contain branches that may leak sensitive information.
+ *
+ * This is a static function, we ensure all callers in this file pass valid
+ * arguments: all passed pointers here are non-NULL.
+ */
+static ossl_inline
+BIGNUM *bn_mod_inverse_no_branch(BIGNUM *in,
+                                 const BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *n,
+                                 BN_CTX *ctx, int *pnoinv)
 {
-    BIGNUM *rv;
-    int noinv;
-    rv = int_bn_mod_inverse(in, a, n, ctx, &noinv);
-    if (noinv)
-        BNerr(BN_F_BN_MOD_INVERSE, BN_R_NO_INVERSE);
-    return rv;
+    BIGNUM *A, *B, *X, *Y, *M, *D, *T, *R = NULL;
+    BIGNUM *ret = NULL;
+    int sign;
+
+    bn_check_top(a);
+    bn_check_top(n);
+
+    BN_CTX_start(ctx);
+    A = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+    B = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+    X = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+    D = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+    M = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+    Y = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+    T = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+    if (T == NULL)
+        goto err;
+
+    if (in == NULL)
+        R = BN_new();
+    else
+        R = in;
+    if (R == NULL)
+        goto err;
+
+    BN_one(X);
+    BN_zero(Y);
+    if (BN_copy(B, a) == NULL)
+        goto err;
+    if (BN_copy(A, n) == NULL)
+        goto err;
+    A->neg = 0;
+
+    if (B->neg || (BN_ucmp(B, A) >= 0)) {
+        /*
+         * Turn BN_FLG_CONSTTIME flag on, so that when BN_div is invoked,
+         * BN_div_no_branch will be called eventually.
+         */
+         {
+            BIGNUM local_B;
+            bn_init(&local_B);
+            BN_with_flags(&local_B, B, BN_FLG_CONSTTIME);
+            if (!BN_nnmod(B, &local_B, A, ctx))
+                goto err;
+            /* Ensure local_B goes out of scope before any further use of B */
+        }
+    }
+    sign = -1;
+    /*-
+     * From  B = a mod |n|,  A = |n|  it follows that
+     *
+     *      0 <= B < A,
+     *     -sign*X*a  ==  B   (mod |n|),
+     *      sign*Y*a  ==  A   (mod |n|).
+     */
+
+    while (!BN_is_zero(B)) {
+        BIGNUM *tmp;
+
+        /*-
+         *      0 < B < A,
+         * (*) -sign*X*a  ==  B   (mod |n|),
+         *      sign*Y*a  ==  A   (mod |n|)
+         */
+
+        /*
+         * Turn BN_FLG_CONSTTIME flag on, so that when BN_div is invoked,
+         * BN_div_no_branch will be called eventually.
+         */
+        {
+            BIGNUM local_A;
+            bn_init(&local_A);
+            BN_with_flags(&local_A, A, BN_FLG_CONSTTIME);
+
+            /* (D, M) := (A/B, A%B) ... */
+            if (!BN_div(D, M, &local_A, B, ctx))
+                goto err;
+            /* Ensure local_A goes out of scope before any further use of A */
+        }
+
+        /*-
+         * Now
+         *      A = D*B + M;
+         * thus we have
+         * (**)  sign*Y*a  ==  D*B + M   (mod |n|).
+         */
+
+        tmp = A;                /* keep the BIGNUM object, the value does not
+                                 * matter */
+
+        /* (A, B) := (B, A mod B) ... */
+        A = B;
+        B = M;
+        /* ... so we have  0 <= B < A  again */
+
+        /*-
+         * Since the former  M  is now  B  and the former  B  is now  A,
+         * (**) translates into
+         *       sign*Y*a  ==  D*A + B    (mod |n|),
+         * i.e.
+         *       sign*Y*a - D*A  ==  B    (mod |n|).
+         * Similarly, (*) translates into
+         *      -sign*X*a  ==  A          (mod |n|).
+         *
+         * Thus,
+         *   sign*Y*a + D*sign*X*a  ==  B  (mod |n|),
+         * i.e.
+         *        sign*(Y + D*X)*a  ==  B  (mod |n|).
+         *
+         * So if we set  (X, Y, sign) := (Y + D*X, X, -sign), we arrive back at
+         *      -sign*X*a  ==  B   (mod |n|),
+         *       sign*Y*a  ==  A   (mod |n|).
+         * Note that  X  and  Y  stay non-negative all the time.
+         */
+
+        if (!BN_mul(tmp, D, X, ctx))
+            goto err;
+        if (!BN_add(tmp, tmp, Y))
+            goto err;
+
+        M = Y;                  /* keep the BIGNUM object, the value does not
+                                 * matter */
+        Y = X;
+        X = tmp;
+        sign = -sign;
+    }
+
+    /*-
+     * The while loop (Euclid's algorithm) ends when
+     *      A == gcd(a,n);
+     * we have
+     *       sign*Y*a  ==  A  (mod |n|),
+     * where  Y  is non-negative.
+     */
+
+    if (sign < 0) {
+        if (!BN_sub(Y, n, Y))
+            goto err;
+    }
+    /* Now  Y*a  ==  A  (mod |n|).  */
+
+    if (BN_is_one(A)) {
+        /* Y*a == 1  (mod |n|) */
+        if (!Y->neg && BN_ucmp(Y, n) < 0) {
+            if (!BN_copy(R, Y))
+                goto err;
+        } else {
+            if (!BN_nnmod(R, Y, n, ctx))
+                goto err;
+        }
+    } else {
+        *pnoinv = 1;
+        /* caller sets the BN_R_NO_INVERSE error */
+        goto err;
+    }
+
+    ret = R;
+    *pnoinv = 0;
+
+ err:
+    if ((ret == NULL) && (in == NULL))
+        BN_free(R);
+    BN_CTX_end(ctx);
+    bn_check_top(ret);
+    return ret;
 }

+/*
+ * This is an internal function, we assume all callers pass valid arguments:
+ * all pointers passed here are assumed non-NULL.
+ */
 BIGNUM *int_bn_mod_inverse(BIGNUM *in,
                           const BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *n, BN_CTX *ctx,
                           int *pnoinv)
@@ -36,17 +203,15 @@ BIGNUM *int_bn_mod_inverse(BIGNUM *in,

    /* This is invalid input so we don't worry about constant time here */
    if (BN_abs_is_word(n, 1) || BN_is_zero(n)) {
-        if (pnoinv != NULL)
-            *pnoinv = 1;
+        *pnoinv = 1;
        return NULL;
    }

-    if (pnoinv != NULL)
-        *pnoinv = 0;
+    *pnoinv = 0;

    if ((BN_get_flags(a, BN_FLG_CONSTTIME) != 0)
        || (BN_get_flags(n, BN_FLG_CONSTTIME) != 0)) {
-        return BN_mod_inverse_no_branch(in, a, n, ctx);
+        return bn_mod_inverse_no_branch(in, a, n, ctx, pnoinv);
    }

    bn_check_top(a);
@@ -332,8 +497,7 @@ BIGNUM *int_bn_mod_inverse(BIGNUM *in,
                goto err;
        }
    } else {
-        if (pnoinv)
-            *pnoinv = 1;
+        *pnoinv = 1;
        goto err;
    }
    ret = R;
@@ -345,175 +509,27 @@ BIGNUM *int_bn_mod_inverse(BIGNUM *in,
    return ret;
 }

-/*
- * BN_mod_inverse_no_branch is a special version of BN_mod_inverse. It does
- * not contain branches that may leak sensitive information.
- */
-static BIGNUM *BN_mod_inverse_no_branch(BIGNUM *in,
-                                        const BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *n,
-                                        BN_CTX *ctx)
+/* solves ax == 1 (mod n) */
+BIGNUM *BN_mod_inverse(BIGNUM *in,
+                       const BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *n, BN_CTX *ctx)
 {
-    BIGNUM *A, *B, *X, *Y, *M, *D, *T, *R = NULL;
-    BIGNUM *ret = NULL;
-    int sign;
+    BN_CTX *new_ctx = NULL;
+    BIGNUM *rv;
+    int noinv = 0;

-    bn_check_top(a);
-    bn_check_top(n);
-
-    BN_CTX_start(ctx);
-    A = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
-    B = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
-    X = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
-    D = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
-    M = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
-    Y = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
-    T = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
-    if (T == NULL)
-        goto err;
-
-    if (in == NULL)
-        R = BN_new();
-    else
-        R = in;
-    if (R == NULL)
-        goto err;
-
-    BN_one(X);
-    BN_zero(Y);
-    if (BN_copy(B, a) == NULL)
-        goto err;
-    if (BN_copy(A, n) == NULL)
-        goto err;
-    A->neg = 0;
-
-    if (B->neg || (BN_ucmp(B, A) >= 0)) {
-        /*
-         * Turn BN_FLG_CONSTTIME flag on, so that when BN_div is invoked,
-         * BN_div_no_branch will be called eventually.
-         */
-         {
-            BIGNUM local_B;
-            bn_init(&local_B);
-            BN_with_flags(&local_B, B, BN_FLG_CONSTTIME);
-            if (!BN_nnmod(B, &local_B, A, ctx))
-                goto err;
-            /* Ensure local_B goes out of scope before any further use of B */
+    if (ctx == NULL) {
+        ctx = new_ctx = BN_CTX_new();
+        if (ctx == NULL) {
+            BNerr(BN_F_BN_MOD_INVERSE, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
+            return NULL;
        }
    }
-    sign = -1;
-    /*-
-     * From  B = a mod |n|,  A = |n|  it follows that
-     *
-     *      0 <= B < A,
-     *     -sign*X*a  ==  B   (mod |n|),
-     *      sign*Y*a  ==  A   (mod |n|).
-     */

-    while (!BN_is_zero(B)) {
-        BIGNUM *tmp;
-
-        /*-
-         *      0 < B < A,
-         * (*) -sign*X*a  ==  B   (mod |n|),
-         *      sign*Y*a  ==  A   (mod |n|)
-         */
-
-        /*
-         * Turn BN_FLG_CONSTTIME flag on, so that when BN_div is invoked,
-         * BN_div_no_branch will be called eventually.
-         */
-        {
-            BIGNUM local_A;
-            bn_init(&local_A);
-            BN_with_flags(&local_A, A, BN_FLG_CONSTTIME);
-
-            /* (D, M) := (A/B, A%B) ... */
-            if (!BN_div(D, M, &local_A, B, ctx))
-                goto err;
-            /* Ensure local_A goes out of scope before any further use of A */
-        }
-
-        /*-
-         * Now
-         *      A = D*B + M;
-         * thus we have
-         * (**)  sign*Y*a  ==  D*B + M   (mod |n|).
-         */
-
-        tmp = A;                /* keep the BIGNUM object, the value does not
-                                 * matter */
-
-        /* (A, B) := (B, A mod B) ... */
-        A = B;
-        B = M;
-        /* ... so we have  0 <= B < A  again */
-
-        /*-
-         * Since the former  M  is now  B  and the former  B  is now  A,
-         * (**) translates into
-         *       sign*Y*a  ==  D*A + B    (mod |n|),
-         * i.e.
-         *       sign*Y*a - D*A  ==  B    (mod |n|).
-         * Similarly, (*) translates into
-         *      -sign*X*a  ==  A          (mod |n|).
-         *
-         * Thus,
-         *   sign*Y*a + D*sign*X*a  ==  B  (mod |n|),
-         * i.e.
-         *        sign*(Y + D*X)*a  ==  B  (mod |n|).
-         *
-         * So if we set  (X, Y, sign) := (Y + D*X, X, -sign), we arrive back at
-         *      -sign*X*a  ==  B   (mod |n|),
-         *       sign*Y*a  ==  A   (mod |n|).
-         * Note that  X  and  Y  stay non-negative all the time.
-         */
-
-        if (!BN_mul(tmp, D, X, ctx))
-            goto err;
-        if (!BN_add(tmp, tmp, Y))
-            goto err;
-
-        M = Y;                  /* keep the BIGNUM object, the value does not
-                                 * matter */
-        Y = X;
-        X = tmp;
-        sign = -sign;
-    }
-
-    /*-
-     * The while loop (Euclid's algorithm) ends when
-     *      A == gcd(a,n);
-     * we have
-     *       sign*Y*a  ==  A  (mod |n|),
-     * where  Y  is non-negative.
-     */
-
-    if (sign < 0) {
-        if (!BN_sub(Y, n, Y))
-            goto err;
-    }
-    /* Now  Y*a  ==  A  (mod |n|).  */
-
-    if (BN_is_one(A)) {
-        /* Y*a == 1  (mod |n|) */
-        if (!Y->neg && BN_ucmp(Y, n) < 0) {
-            if (!BN_copy(R, Y))
-                goto err;
-        } else {
-            if (!BN_nnmod(R, Y, n, ctx))
-                goto err;
-        }
-    } else {
-        BNerr(BN_F_BN_MOD_INVERSE_NO_BRANCH, BN_R_NO_INVERSE);
-        goto err;
-    }
-    ret = R;
- err:
-    if ((ret == NULL) && (in == NULL))
-        BN_free(R);
-    BN_CTX_end(ctx);
-    bn_check_top(ret);
-    return ret;
+    rv = int_bn_mod_inverse(in, a, n, ctx, &noinv);
+    if (noinv)
+        BNerr(BN_F_BN_MOD_INVERSE, BN_R_NO_INVERSE);
+    BN_CTX_free(new_ctx);
+    return rv;
 }

 /*-
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 1995-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 1995-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -87,6 +87,15 @@ const BIGNUM *BN_value_one(void)
    return &const_one;
 }

+/*
+ * Old Visual Studio ARM compiler miscompiles BN_num_bits_word()
+ * https://mta.openssl.org/pipermail/openssl-users/2018-August/008465.html
+ */
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_ARM_) && defined(_WIN32_WCE) \
+    && _MSC_VER>=1400 && _MSC_VER<1501
+# define MS_BROKEN_BN_num_bits_word
+# pragma optimize("", off)
+#endif
 int BN_num_bits_word(BN_ULONG l)
 {
    BN_ULONG x, mask;
@@ -131,6 +140,9 @@ int BN_num_bits_word(BN_ULONG l)

    return bits;
 }
+#ifdef MS_BROKEN_BN_num_bits_word
+# pragma optimize("", on)
+#endif

 /*
 * This function still leaks `a->dmax`: it's caller's responsibility to
@@ -322,15 +334,19 @@ BIGNUM *BN_dup(const BIGNUM *a)

 BIGNUM *BN_copy(BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *b)
 {
+    int bn_words;
+
    bn_check_top(b);

+    bn_words = BN_get_flags(b, BN_FLG_CONSTTIME) ? b->dmax : b->top;
+
    if (a == b)
        return a;
-    if (bn_wexpand(a, b->top) == NULL)
+    if (bn_wexpand(a, bn_words) == NULL)
        return NULL;

    if (b->top > 0)
-        memcpy(a->d, b->d, sizeof(b->d[0]) * b->top);
+        memcpy(a->d, b->d, sizeof(b->d[0]) * bn_words);

    a->neg = b->neg;
    a->top = b->top;
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 1995-2016 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 1995-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ BIGNUM *BN_mpi2bn(const unsigned char *d, int n, BIGNUM *ain)
    int neg = 0;
    BIGNUM *a = NULL;

-    if (n < 4) {
+    if (n < 4 || (d[0] & 0x80) != 0) {
        BNerr(BN_F_BN_MPI2BN, BN_R_INVALID_LENGTH);
        return NULL;
    }
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ BIGNUM *BN_mod_sqrt(BIGNUM *in, const BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *p, BN_CTX *ctx)
 /*
 * Returns 'ret' such that ret^2 == a (mod p), using the Tonelli/Shanks
 * algorithm (cf. Henri Cohen, "A Course in Algebraic Computational Number
- * Theory", algorithm 1.5.1). 'p' must be prime!
+ * Theory", algorithm 1.5.1). 'p' must be prime, otherwise an error or
+ * an incorrect "result" will be returned.
 */
 {
    BIGNUM *ret = in;
@@ -301,18 +302,23 @@ BIGNUM *BN_mod_sqrt(BIGNUM *in, const BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *p, BN_CTX *ctx)
            goto vrfy;
        }

-        /* find smallest  i  such that  b^(2^i) = 1 */
-        i = 1;
-        if (!BN_mod_sqr(t, b, p, ctx))
-            goto end;
-        while (!BN_is_one(t)) {
-            i++;
-            if (i == e) {
-                BNerr(BN_F_BN_MOD_SQRT, BN_R_NOT_A_SQUARE);
-                goto end;
+        /* Find the smallest i, 0 < i < e, such that b^(2^i) = 1. */
+        for (i = 1; i < e; i++) {
+            if (i == 1) {
+                if (!BN_mod_sqr(t, b, p, ctx))
+                    goto end;
+
+            } else {
+                if (!BN_mod_mul(t, t, t, p, ctx))
+                    goto end;
            }
-            if (!BN_mod_mul(t, t, t, p, ctx))
-                goto end;
+            if (BN_is_one(t))
+                break;
+        }
+        /* If not found, a is not a square or p is not prime. */
+        if (i >= e) {
+            BNerr(BN_F_BN_MOD_SQRT, BN_R_NOT_A_SQUARE);
+            goto end;
        }

        /* t := y^2^(e - i - 1) */
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2010-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2010-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -116,11 +116,18 @@ int CMAC_Init(CMAC_CTX *ctx, const void *key, size_t keylen,
        return 1;
    }
    /* Initialise context */
-    if (cipher && !EVP_EncryptInit_ex(ctx->cctx, cipher, impl, NULL, NULL))
-        return 0;
+    if (cipher != NULL) {
+        /* Ensure we can't use this ctx until we also have a key */
+        ctx->nlast_block = -1;
+        if (!EVP_EncryptInit_ex(ctx->cctx, cipher, impl, NULL, NULL))
+            return 0;
+    }
    /* Non-NULL key means initialisation complete */
-    if (key) {
+    if (key != NULL) {
        int bl;
+
+        /* If anything fails then ensure we can't use this ctx */
+        ctx->nlast_block = -1;
        if (!EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx->cctx))
            return 0;
        if (!EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_key_length(ctx->cctx, keylen))
@@ -128,7 +135,7 @@ int CMAC_Init(CMAC_CTX *ctx, const void *key, size_t keylen,
        if (!EVP_EncryptInit_ex(ctx->cctx, NULL, NULL, key, zero_iv))
            return 0;
        bl = EVP_CIPHER_CTX_block_size(ctx->cctx);
-        if (!EVP_Cipher(ctx->cctx, ctx->tbl, zero_iv, bl))
+        if (EVP_Cipher(ctx->cctx, ctx->tbl, zero_iv, bl) <= 0)
            return 0;
        make_kn(ctx->k1, ctx->tbl, bl);
        make_kn(ctx->k2, ctx->k1, bl);
@@ -166,12 +173,12 @@ int CMAC_Update(CMAC_CTX *ctx, const void *in, size_t dlen)
            return 1;
        data += nleft;
        /* Else not final block so encrypt it */
-        if (!EVP_Cipher(ctx->cctx, ctx->tbl, ctx->last_block, bl))
+        if (EVP_Cipher(ctx->cctx, ctx->tbl, ctx->last_block, bl) <= 0)
            return 0;
    }
    /* Encrypt all but one of the complete blocks left */
    while (dlen > bl) {
-        if (!EVP_Cipher(ctx->cctx, ctx->tbl, data, bl))
+        if (EVP_Cipher(ctx->cctx, ctx->tbl, data, bl) <= 0)
            return 0;
        dlen -= bl;
        data += bl;
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2008-2016 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2008-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -92,12 +92,13 @@ BIO *CMS_dataInit(CMS_ContentInfo *cms, BIO *icont)

    default:
        CMSerr(CMS_F_CMS_DATAINIT, CMS_R_UNSUPPORTED_TYPE);
-        return NULL;
+        goto err;
    }

    if (cmsbio)
        return BIO_push(cmsbio, cont);

+err:
    if (!icont)
        BIO_free(cont);
    return NULL;
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2008-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2008-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -897,8 +897,10 @@ int CMS_add_simple_smimecap(STACK_OF(X509_ALGOR) **algs,
    ASN1_INTEGER *key = NULL;
    if (keysize > 0) {
        key = ASN1_INTEGER_new();
-        if (key == NULL || !ASN1_INTEGER_set(key, keysize))
+        if (key == NULL || !ASN1_INTEGER_set(key, keysize)) {
+            ASN1_INTEGER_free(key);
            return 0;
+        }
    }
    alg = X509_ALGOR_new();
    if (alg == NULL) {
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 1995-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 1995-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -376,11 +376,13 @@ static int def_load_bio(CONF *conf, BIO *in, long *line)
                    if (biosk == NULL) {
                        if ((biosk = sk_BIO_new_null()) == NULL) {
                            CONFerr(CONF_F_DEF_LOAD_BIO, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
+                            BIO_free(next);
                            goto err;
                        }
                    }
                    if (!sk_BIO_push(biosk, in)) {
                        CONFerr(CONF_F_DEF_LOAD_BIO, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
+                        BIO_free(next);
                        goto err;
                    }
                    /* continue with reading from the included BIO */
@@ -1517,9 +1517,9 @@ ecp_nistz256_point_add:
 	ldr	$t2,[sp,#32*18+12]	@ ~is_equal(S1,S2)
 	mvn	$t0,$t0			@ -1/0 -> 0/-1
 	mvn	$t1,$t1			@ -1/0 -> 0/-1
-	orr	$a0,$t0
-	orr	$a0,$t1
-	orrs	$a0,$t2			@ set flags
+	orr	$a0,$a0,$t0
+	orr	$a0,$a0,$t1
+	orrs	$a0,$a0,$t2		@ set flags

 	@ if(~is_equal(U1,U2) | in1infty | in2infty | ~is_equal(S1,S2))
 	bne	.Ladd_proceed
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2006-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2006-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ static int ecdh_cms_decrypt(CMS_RecipientInfo *ri);
 static int ecdh_cms_encrypt(CMS_RecipientInfo *ri);
 #endif

-static int eckey_param2type(int *pptype, void **ppval, EC_KEY *ec_key)
+static int eckey_param2type(int *pptype, void **ppval, const EC_KEY *ec_key)
 {
    const EC_GROUP *group;
    int nid;
@@ -35,7 +35,14 @@ static int eckey_param2type(int *pptype, void **ppval, EC_KEY *ec_key)
        && (nid = EC_GROUP_get_curve_name(group)))
        /* we have a 'named curve' => just set the OID */
    {
-        *ppval = OBJ_nid2obj(nid);
+        ASN1_OBJECT *asn1obj = OBJ_nid2obj(nid);
+
+        if (asn1obj == NULL || OBJ_length(asn1obj) == 0) {
+            ASN1_OBJECT_free(asn1obj);
+            ECerr(EC_F_ECKEY_PARAM2TYPE, EC_R_MISSING_OID);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        *ppval = asn1obj;
        *pptype = V_ASN1_OBJECT;
    } else {                    /* explicit parameters */

@@ -43,7 +50,17 @@ static int eckey_param2type(int *pptype, void **ppval, EC_KEY *ec_key)
        pstr = ASN1_STRING_new();
        if (pstr == NULL)
            return 0;
-        pstr->length = i2d_ECParameters(ec_key, &pstr->data);
+
+        /*
+         * The cast in the following line is intentional as the
+         * `i2d_ECParameters` signature can't be constified (see discussion at
+         * https://github.com/openssl/openssl/pull/9347 where related and
+         * required constification backports were rejected).
+         *
+         * This cast should be safe anyway, because we can expect
+         * `i2d_ECParameters()` to treat the first argument as if it was const.
+         */
+        pstr->length = i2d_ECParameters((EC_KEY *)ec_key, &pstr->data);
        if (pstr->length <= 0) {
            ASN1_STRING_free(pstr);
            ECerr(EC_F_ECKEY_PARAM2TYPE, ERR_R_EC_LIB);
@@ -57,7 +74,7 @@ static int eckey_param2type(int *pptype, void **ppval, EC_KEY *ec_key)

 static int eckey_pub_encode(X509_PUBKEY *pk, const EVP_PKEY *pkey)
 {
-    EC_KEY *ec_key = pkey->pkey.ec;
+    const EC_KEY *ec_key = pkey->pkey.ec;
    void *pval = NULL;
    int ptype;
    unsigned char *penc = NULL, *p;
@@ -137,6 +137,12 @@ struct ec_parameters_st {
    ASN1_INTEGER *cofactor;
 } /* ECPARAMETERS */ ;

+typedef enum {
+    ECPKPARAMETERS_TYPE_NAMED = 0,
+    ECPKPARAMETERS_TYPE_EXPLICIT,
+    ECPKPARAMETERS_TYPE_IMPLICIT
+} ecpk_parameters_type_t;
+
 struct ecpk_parameters_st {
    int type;
    union {
@@ -535,9 +541,10 @@ ECPKPARAMETERS *EC_GROUP_get_ecpkparameters(const EC_GROUP *group,
            return NULL;
        }
    } else {
-        if (ret->type == 0)
+        if (ret->type == ECPKPARAMETERS_TYPE_NAMED)
            ASN1_OBJECT_free(ret->value.named_curve);
-        else if (ret->type == 1 && ret->value.parameters)
+        else if (ret->type == ECPKPARAMETERS_TYPE_EXPLICIT
+                 && ret->value.parameters != NULL)
            ECPARAMETERS_free(ret->value.parameters);
    }

@@ -547,15 +554,22 @@ ECPKPARAMETERS *EC_GROUP_get_ecpkparameters(const EC_GROUP *group,
         */
        tmp = EC_GROUP_get_curve_name(group);
        if (tmp) {
-            ret->type = 0;
-            if ((ret->value.named_curve = OBJ_nid2obj(tmp)) == NULL)
+            ASN1_OBJECT *asn1obj = OBJ_nid2obj(tmp);
+
+            if (asn1obj == NULL || OBJ_length(asn1obj) == 0) {
+                ASN1_OBJECT_free(asn1obj);
+                ECerr(EC_F_EC_GROUP_GET_ECPKPARAMETERS, EC_R_MISSING_OID);
                ok = 0;
+            } else {
+                ret->type = ECPKPARAMETERS_TYPE_NAMED;
+                ret->value.named_curve = asn1obj;
+            }
        } else
            /* we don't know the nid => ERROR */
            ok = 0;
    } else {
        /* use the ECPARAMETERS structure */
-        ret->type = 1;
+        ret->type = ECPKPARAMETERS_TYPE_EXPLICIT;
        if ((ret->value.parameters =
             EC_GROUP_get_ecparameters(group, NULL)) == NULL)
            ok = 0;
@@ -747,7 +761,10 @@ EC_GROUP *EC_GROUP_new_from_ecparameters(const ECPARAMETERS *params)
        ret->seed_len = params->curve->seed->length;
    }

-    if (!params->order || !params->base || !params->base->data) {
+    if (params->order == NULL
+            || params->base == NULL
+            || params->base->data == NULL
+            || params->base->length == 0) {
        ECerr(EC_F_EC_GROUP_NEW_FROM_ECPARAMETERS, EC_R_ASN1_ERROR);
        goto err;
    }
@@ -894,7 +911,8 @@ EC_GROUP *EC_GROUP_new_from_ecpkparameters(const ECPKPARAMETERS *params)
        return NULL;
    }

-    if (params->type == 0) {    /* the curve is given by an OID */
+    if (params->type == ECPKPARAMETERS_TYPE_NAMED) {
+        /* the curve is given by an OID */
        tmp = OBJ_obj2nid(params->value.named_curve);
        if ((ret = EC_GROUP_new_by_curve_name(tmp)) == NULL) {
            ECerr(EC_F_EC_GROUP_NEW_FROM_ECPKPARAMETERS,
@@ -902,15 +920,16 @@ EC_GROUP *EC_GROUP_new_from_ecpkparameters(const ECPKPARAMETERS *params)
            return NULL;
        }
        EC_GROUP_set_asn1_flag(ret, OPENSSL_EC_NAMED_CURVE);
-    } else if (params->type == 1) { /* the parameters are given by a
-                                     * ECPARAMETERS structure */
+    } else if (params->type == ECPKPARAMETERS_TYPE_EXPLICIT) {
+        /* the parameters are given by an ECPARAMETERS structure */
        ret = EC_GROUP_new_from_ecparameters(params->value.parameters);
        if (!ret) {
            ECerr(EC_F_EC_GROUP_NEW_FROM_ECPKPARAMETERS, ERR_R_EC_LIB);
            return NULL;
        }
        EC_GROUP_set_asn1_flag(ret, OPENSSL_EC_EXPLICIT_CURVE);
-    } else if (params->type == 2) { /* implicitlyCA */
+    } else if (params->type == ECPKPARAMETERS_TYPE_IMPLICIT) {
+        /* implicit parameters inherited from CA - unsupported */
        return NULL;
    } else {
        ECerr(EC_F_EC_GROUP_NEW_FROM_ECPKPARAMETERS, EC_R_ASN1_ERROR);
@@ -940,6 +959,9 @@ EC_GROUP *d2i_ECPKParameters(EC_GROUP **a, const unsigned char **in, long len)
        return NULL;
    }

+    if (params->type == ECPKPARAMETERS_TYPE_EXPLICIT)
+        group->decoded_from_explicit_params = 1;
+
    if (a) {
        EC_GROUP_free(*a);
        *a = group;
@@ -991,6 +1013,9 @@ EC_KEY *d2i_ECPrivateKey(EC_KEY **a, const unsigned char **in, long len)
    if (priv_key->parameters) {
        EC_GROUP_free(ret->group);
        ret->group = EC_GROUP_new_from_ecpkparameters(priv_key->parameters);
+        if (ret->group != NULL
+            && priv_key->parameters->type == ECPKPARAMETERS_TYPE_EXPLICIT)
+            ret->group->decoded_from_explicit_params = 1;
    }

    if (ret->group == NULL) {
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
 * Generated by util/mkerr.pl DO NOT EDIT
- * Copyright 1995-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 1995-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -341,6 +341,7 @@ static const ERR_STRING_DATA EC_str_reasons[] = {
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_EC, 0, EC_R_LADDER_POST_FAILURE), "ladder post failure"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_EC, 0, EC_R_LADDER_PRE_FAILURE), "ladder pre failure"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_EC, 0, EC_R_LADDER_STEP_FAILURE), "ladder step failure"},
+    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_EC, 0, EC_R_MISSING_OID), "missing OID"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_EC, 0, EC_R_MISSING_PARAMETERS), "missing parameters"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_EC, 0, EC_R_MISSING_PRIVATE_KEY), "missing private key"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_EC, 0, EC_R_NEED_NEW_SETUP_VALUES),
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2002-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2002-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 2002, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "internal/refcount.h"
 #include <openssl/err.h>
 #include <openssl/engine.h>
+#include "crypto/bn.h"

 EC_KEY *EC_KEY_new(void)
 {
@@ -416,17 +417,86 @@ const BIGNUM *EC_KEY_get0_private_key(const EC_KEY *key)

 int EC_KEY_set_private_key(EC_KEY *key, const BIGNUM *priv_key)
 {
+    int fixed_top;
+    const BIGNUM *order = NULL;
+    BIGNUM *tmp_key = NULL;
+
    if (key->group == NULL || key->group->meth == NULL)
        return 0;
+
+    /*
+     * Not only should key->group be set, but it should also be in a valid
+     * fully initialized state.
+     *
+     * Specifically, to operate in constant time, we need that the group order
+     * is set, as we use its length as the fixed public size of any scalar used
+     * as an EC private key.
+     */
+    order = EC_GROUP_get0_order(key->group);
+    if (order == NULL || BN_is_zero(order))
+        return 0; /* This should never happen */
+
    if (key->group->meth->set_private != NULL
        && key->group->meth->set_private(key, priv_key) == 0)
        return 0;
    if (key->meth->set_private != NULL
        && key->meth->set_private(key, priv_key) == 0)
        return 0;
+
+    /*
+     * We should never leak the bit length of the secret scalar in the key,
+     * so we always set the `BN_FLG_CONSTTIME` flag on the internal `BIGNUM`
+     * holding the secret scalar.
+     *
+     * This is important also because `BN_dup()` (and `BN_copy()`) do not
+     * propagate the `BN_FLG_CONSTTIME` flag from the source `BIGNUM`, and
+     * this brings an extra risk of inadvertently losing the flag, even when
+     * the caller specifically set it.
+     *
+     * The propagation has been turned on and off a few times in the past
+     * years because in some conditions has shown unintended consequences in
+     * some code paths, so at the moment we can't fix this in the BN layer.
+     *
+     * In `EC_KEY_set_private_key()` we can work around the propagation by
+     * manually setting the flag after `BN_dup()` as we know for sure that
+     * inside the EC module the `BN_FLG_CONSTTIME` is always treated
+     * correctly and should not generate unintended consequences.
+     *
+     * Setting the BN_FLG_CONSTTIME flag alone is never enough, we also have
+     * to preallocate the BIGNUM internal buffer to a fixed public size big
+     * enough that operations performed during the processing never trigger
+     * a realloc which would leak the size of the scalar through memory
+     * accesses.
+     *
+     * Fixed Length
+     * ------------
+     *
+     * The order of the large prime subgroup of the curve is our choice for
+     * a fixed public size, as that is generally the upper bound for
+     * generating a private key in EC cryptosystems and should fit all valid
+     * secret scalars.
+     *
+     * For preallocating the BIGNUM storage we look at the number of "words"
+     * required for the internal representation of the order, and we
+     * preallocate 2 extra "words" in case any of the subsequent processing
+     * might temporarily overflow the order length.
+     */
+    tmp_key = BN_dup(priv_key);
+    if (tmp_key == NULL)
+        return 0;
+
+    BN_set_flags(tmp_key, BN_FLG_CONSTTIME);
+
+    fixed_top = bn_get_top(order) + 2;
+    if (bn_wexpand(tmp_key, fixed_top) == NULL) {
+        BN_clear_free(tmp_key);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
    BN_clear_free(key->priv_key);
-    key->priv_key = BN_dup(priv_key);
-    return (key->priv_key == NULL) ? 0 : 1;
+    key->priv_key = tmp_key;
+
+    return 1;
 }

 const EC_POINT *EC_KEY_get0_public_key(const EC_KEY *key)
@@ -494,6 +564,13 @@ void EC_KEY_clear_flags(EC_KEY *key, int flags)
    key->flags &= ~flags;
 }

+int EC_KEY_decoded_from_explicit_params(const EC_KEY *key)
+{
+    if (key == NULL || key->group == NULL)
+        return -1;
+    return key->group->decoded_from_explicit_params;
+}
+
 size_t EC_KEY_key2buf(const EC_KEY *key, point_conversion_form_t form,
                        unsigned char **pbuf, BN_CTX *ctx)
 {
@@ -211,6 +211,7 @@ int EC_GROUP_copy(EC_GROUP *dest, const EC_GROUP *src)

    dest->asn1_flag = src->asn1_flag;
    dest->asn1_form = src->asn1_form;
+    dest->decoded_from_explicit_params = src->decoded_from_explicit_params;

    if (src->seed) {
        OPENSSL_free(dest->seed);
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2001-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2001-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 2002, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
@@ -209,6 +209,8 @@ struct ec_group_st {
    BIGNUM *order, *cofactor;
    int curve_name;             /* optional NID for named curve */
    int asn1_flag;              /* flag to control the asn1 encoding */
+    int decoded_from_explicit_params; /* set if decoded from explicit
+                                       * curve parameters encoding */
    point_conversion_form_t asn1_form;
    unsigned char *seed;        /* optional seed for parameters (appears in
                                 * ASN1) */
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ typedef uint64_t u64;
 */

 typedef uint64_t limb;
+typedef uint64_t limb_aX __attribute((__aligned__(1)));
 typedef uint128_t widelimb;

 typedef limb felem[4];
@@ -307,10 +308,10 @@ const EC_METHOD *EC_GFp_nistp224_method(void)
 */
 static void bin28_to_felem(felem out, const u8 in[28])
 {
-    out[0] = *((const uint64_t *)(in)) & 0x00ffffffffffffff;
-    out[1] = (*((const uint64_t *)(in + 7))) & 0x00ffffffffffffff;
-    out[2] = (*((const uint64_t *)(in + 14))) & 0x00ffffffffffffff;
-    out[3] = (*((const uint64_t *)(in+20))) >> 8;
+    out[0] = *((const limb *)(in)) & 0x00ffffffffffffff;
+    out[1] = (*((const limb_aX *)(in + 7))) & 0x00ffffffffffffff;
+    out[2] = (*((const limb_aX *)(in + 14))) & 0x00ffffffffffffff;
+    out[3] = (*((const limb_aX *)(in + 20))) >> 8;
 }

 static void felem_to_bin28(u8 out[28], const felem in)
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ static const felem_bytearray nistp521_curve_params[5] = {
 # define NLIMBS 9

 typedef uint64_t limb;
+typedef limb limb_aX __attribute((__aligned__(1)));
 typedef limb felem[NLIMBS];
 typedef uint128_t largefelem[NLIMBS];

@@ -141,14 +142,14 @@ static const limb bottom58bits = 0x3ffffffffffffff;
 static void bin66_to_felem(felem out, const u8 in[66])
 {
    out[0] = (*((limb *) & in[0])) & bottom58bits;
-    out[1] = (*((limb *) & in[7]) >> 2) & bottom58bits;
-    out[2] = (*((limb *) & in[14]) >> 4) & bottom58bits;
-    out[3] = (*((limb *) & in[21]) >> 6) & bottom58bits;
-    out[4] = (*((limb *) & in[29])) & bottom58bits;
-    out[5] = (*((limb *) & in[36]) >> 2) & bottom58bits;
-    out[6] = (*((limb *) & in[43]) >> 4) & bottom58bits;
-    out[7] = (*((limb *) & in[50]) >> 6) & bottom58bits;
-    out[8] = (*((limb *) & in[58])) & bottom57bits;
+    out[1] = (*((limb_aX *) & in[7]) >> 2) & bottom58bits;
+    out[2] = (*((limb_aX *) & in[14]) >> 4) & bottom58bits;
+    out[3] = (*((limb_aX *) & in[21]) >> 6) & bottom58bits;
+    out[4] = (*((limb_aX *) & in[29])) & bottom58bits;
+    out[5] = (*((limb_aX *) & in[36]) >> 2) & bottom58bits;
+    out[6] = (*((limb_aX *) & in[43]) >> 4) & bottom58bits;
+    out[7] = (*((limb_aX *) & in[50]) >> 6) & bottom58bits;
+    out[8] = (*((limb_aX *) & in[58])) & bottom57bits;
 }

 /*
@@ -159,14 +160,14 @@ static void felem_to_bin66(u8 out[66], const felem in)
 {
    memset(out, 0, 66);
    (*((limb *) & out[0])) = in[0];
-    (*((limb *) & out[7])) |= in[1] << 2;
-    (*((limb *) & out[14])) |= in[2] << 4;
-    (*((limb *) & out[21])) |= in[3] << 6;
-    (*((limb *) & out[29])) = in[4];
-    (*((limb *) & out[36])) |= in[5] << 2;
-    (*((limb *) & out[43])) |= in[6] << 4;
-    (*((limb *) & out[50])) |= in[7] << 6;
-    (*((limb *) & out[58])) = in[8];
+    (*((limb_aX *) & out[7])) |= in[1] << 2;
+    (*((limb_aX *) & out[14])) |= in[2] << 4;
+    (*((limb_aX *) & out[21])) |= in[3] << 6;
+    (*((limb_aX *) & out[29])) = in[4];
+    (*((limb_aX *) & out[36])) |= in[5] << 2;
+    (*((limb_aX *) & out[43])) |= in[6] << 4;
+    (*((limb_aX *) & out[50])) |= in[7] << 6;
+    (*((limb_aX *) & out[58])) = in[8];
 }

 /* BN_to_felem converts an OpenSSL BIGNUM into an felem */
@@ -929,207 +929,6 @@ __owur static int ecp_nistz256_mult_precompute(EC_GROUP *group, BN_CTX *ctx)
    return ret;
 }

-/*
- * Note that by default ECP_NISTZ256_AVX2 is undefined. While it's great
- * code processing 4 points in parallel, corresponding serial operation
- * is several times slower, because it uses 29x29=58-bit multiplication
- * as opposite to 64x64=128-bit in integer-only scalar case. As result
- * it doesn't provide *significant* performance improvement. Note that
- * just defining ECP_NISTZ256_AVX2 is not sufficient to make it work,
- * you'd need to compile even asm/ecp_nistz256-avx.pl module.
- */
-#if defined(ECP_NISTZ256_AVX2)
-# if !(defined(__x86_64) || defined(__x86_64__) || \
-       defined(_M_AMD64) || defined(_M_X64)) || \
-     !(defined(__GNUC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)) /* this is for ALIGN32 */
-#  undef ECP_NISTZ256_AVX2
-# else
-/* Constant time access, loading four values, from four consecutive tables */
-void ecp_nistz256_avx2_multi_gather_w7(void *result, const void *in,
-                                       int index0, int index1, int index2,
-                                       int index3);
-void ecp_nistz256_avx2_transpose_convert(void *RESULTx4, const void *in);
-void ecp_nistz256_avx2_convert_transpose_back(void *result, const void *Ax4);
-void ecp_nistz256_avx2_point_add_affine_x4(void *RESULTx4, const void *Ax4,
-                                           const void *Bx4);
-void ecp_nistz256_avx2_point_add_affines_x4(void *RESULTx4, const void *Ax4,
-                                            const void *Bx4);
-void ecp_nistz256_avx2_to_mont(void *RESULTx4, const void *Ax4);
-void ecp_nistz256_avx2_from_mont(void *RESULTx4, const void *Ax4);
-void ecp_nistz256_avx2_set1(void *RESULTx4);
-int ecp_nistz_avx2_eligible(void);
-
-static void booth_recode_w7(unsigned char *sign,
-                            unsigned char *digit, unsigned char in)
-{
-    unsigned char s, d;
-
-    s = ~((in >> 7) - 1);
-    d = (1 << 8) - in - 1;
-    d = (d & s) | (in & ~s);
-    d = (d >> 1) + (d & 1);
-
-    *sign = s & 1;
-    *digit = d;
-}
-
-/*
- * ecp_nistz256_avx2_mul_g performs multiplication by G, using only the
- * precomputed table. It does 4 affine point additions in parallel,
- * significantly speeding up point multiplication for a fixed value.
- */
-static void ecp_nistz256_avx2_mul_g(P256_POINT *r,
-                                    unsigned char p_str[33],
-                                    const P256_POINT_AFFINE(*preComputedTable)[64])
-{
-    const unsigned int window_size = 7;
-    const unsigned int mask = (1 << (window_size + 1)) - 1;
-    unsigned int wvalue;
-    /* Using 4 windows at a time */
-    unsigned char sign0, digit0;
-    unsigned char sign1, digit1;
-    unsigned char sign2, digit2;
-    unsigned char sign3, digit3;
-    unsigned int idx = 0;
-    BN_ULONG tmp[P256_LIMBS];
-    int i;
-
-    ALIGN32 BN_ULONG aX4[4 * 9 * 3] = { 0 };
-    ALIGN32 BN_ULONG bX4[4 * 9 * 2] = { 0 };
-    ALIGN32 P256_POINT_AFFINE point_arr[4];
-    ALIGN32 P256_POINT res_point_arr[4];
-
-    /* Initial four windows */
-    wvalue = *((u16 *) & p_str[0]);
-    wvalue = (wvalue << 1) & mask;
-    idx += window_size;
-    booth_recode_w7(&sign0, &digit0, wvalue);
-    wvalue = *((u16 *) & p_str[(idx - 1) / 8]);
-    wvalue = (wvalue >> ((idx - 1) % 8)) & mask;
-    idx += window_size;
-    booth_recode_w7(&sign1, &digit1, wvalue);
-    wvalue = *((u16 *) & p_str[(idx - 1) / 8]);
-    wvalue = (wvalue >> ((idx - 1) % 8)) & mask;
-    idx += window_size;
-    booth_recode_w7(&sign2, &digit2, wvalue);
-    wvalue = *((u16 *) & p_str[(idx - 1) / 8]);
-    wvalue = (wvalue >> ((idx - 1) % 8)) & mask;
-    idx += window_size;
-    booth_recode_w7(&sign3, &digit3, wvalue);
-
-    ecp_nistz256_avx2_multi_gather_w7(point_arr, preComputedTable[0],
-                                      digit0, digit1, digit2, digit3);
-
-    ecp_nistz256_neg(tmp, point_arr[0].Y);
-    copy_conditional(point_arr[0].Y, tmp, sign0);
-    ecp_nistz256_neg(tmp, point_arr[1].Y);
-    copy_conditional(point_arr[1].Y, tmp, sign1);
-    ecp_nistz256_neg(tmp, point_arr[2].Y);
-    copy_conditional(point_arr[2].Y, tmp, sign2);
-    ecp_nistz256_neg(tmp, point_arr[3].Y);
-    copy_conditional(point_arr[3].Y, tmp, sign3);
-
-    ecp_nistz256_avx2_transpose_convert(aX4, point_arr);
-    ecp_nistz256_avx2_to_mont(aX4, aX4);
-    ecp_nistz256_avx2_to_mont(&aX4[4 * 9], &aX4[4 * 9]);
-    ecp_nistz256_avx2_set1(&aX4[4 * 9 * 2]);
-
-    wvalue = *((u16 *) & p_str[(idx - 1) / 8]);
-    wvalue = (wvalue >> ((idx - 1) % 8)) & mask;
-    idx += window_size;
-    booth_recode_w7(&sign0, &digit0, wvalue);
-    wvalue = *((u16 *) & p_str[(idx - 1) / 8]);
-    wvalue = (wvalue >> ((idx - 1) % 8)) & mask;
-    idx += window_size;
-    booth_recode_w7(&sign1, &digit1, wvalue);
-    wvalue = *((u16 *) & p_str[(idx - 1) / 8]);
-    wvalue = (wvalue >> ((idx - 1) % 8)) & mask;
-    idx += window_size;
-    booth_recode_w7(&sign2, &digit2, wvalue);
-    wvalue = *((u16 *) & p_str[(idx - 1) / 8]);
-    wvalue = (wvalue >> ((idx - 1) % 8)) & mask;
-    idx += window_size;
-    booth_recode_w7(&sign3, &digit3, wvalue);
-
-    ecp_nistz256_avx2_multi_gather_w7(point_arr, preComputedTable[4 * 1],
-                                      digit0, digit1, digit2, digit3);
-
-    ecp_nistz256_neg(tmp, point_arr[0].Y);
-    copy_conditional(point_arr[0].Y, tmp, sign0);
-    ecp_nistz256_neg(tmp, point_arr[1].Y);
-    copy_conditional(point_arr[1].Y, tmp, sign1);
-    ecp_nistz256_neg(tmp, point_arr[2].Y);
-    copy_conditional(point_arr[2].Y, tmp, sign2);
-    ecp_nistz256_neg(tmp, point_arr[3].Y);
-    copy_conditional(point_arr[3].Y, tmp, sign3);
-
-    ecp_nistz256_avx2_transpose_convert(bX4, point_arr);
-    ecp_nistz256_avx2_to_mont(bX4, bX4);
-    ecp_nistz256_avx2_to_mont(&bX4[4 * 9], &bX4[4 * 9]);
-    /* Optimized when both inputs are affine */
-    ecp_nistz256_avx2_point_add_affines_x4(aX4, aX4, bX4);
-
-    for (i = 2; i < 9; i++) {
-        wvalue = *((u16 *) & p_str[(idx - 1) / 8]);
-        wvalue = (wvalue >> ((idx - 1) % 8)) & mask;
-        idx += window_size;
-        booth_recode_w7(&sign0, &digit0, wvalue);
-        wvalue = *((u16 *) & p_str[(idx - 1) / 8]);
-        wvalue = (wvalue >> ((idx - 1) % 8)) & mask;
-        idx += window_size;
-        booth_recode_w7(&sign1, &digit1, wvalue);
-        wvalue = *((u16 *) & p_str[(idx - 1) / 8]);
-        wvalue = (wvalue >> ((idx - 1) % 8)) & mask;
-        idx += window_size;
-        booth_recode_w7(&sign2, &digit2, wvalue);
-        wvalue = *((u16 *) & p_str[(idx - 1) / 8]);
-        wvalue = (wvalue >> ((idx - 1) % 8)) & mask;
-        idx += window_size;
-        booth_recode_w7(&sign3, &digit3, wvalue);
-
-        ecp_nistz256_avx2_multi_gather_w7(point_arr,
-                                          preComputedTable[4 * i],
-                                          digit0, digit1, digit2, digit3);
-
-        ecp_nistz256_neg(tmp, point_arr[0].Y);
-        copy_conditional(point_arr[0].Y, tmp, sign0);
-        ecp_nistz256_neg(tmp, point_arr[1].Y);
-        copy_conditional(point_arr[1].Y, tmp, sign1);
-        ecp_nistz256_neg(tmp, point_arr[2].Y);
-        copy_conditional(point_arr[2].Y, tmp, sign2);
-        ecp_nistz256_neg(tmp, point_arr[3].Y);
-        copy_conditional(point_arr[3].Y, tmp, sign3);
-
-        ecp_nistz256_avx2_transpose_convert(bX4, point_arr);
-        ecp_nistz256_avx2_to_mont(bX4, bX4);
-        ecp_nistz256_avx2_to_mont(&bX4[4 * 9], &bX4[4 * 9]);
-
-        ecp_nistz256_avx2_point_add_affine_x4(aX4, aX4, bX4);
-    }
-
-    ecp_nistz256_avx2_from_mont(&aX4[4 * 9 * 0], &aX4[4 * 9 * 0]);
-    ecp_nistz256_avx2_from_mont(&aX4[4 * 9 * 1], &aX4[4 * 9 * 1]);
-    ecp_nistz256_avx2_from_mont(&aX4[4 * 9 * 2], &aX4[4 * 9 * 2]);
-
-    ecp_nistz256_avx2_convert_transpose_back(res_point_arr, aX4);
-    /* Last window is performed serially */
-    wvalue = *((u16 *) & p_str[(idx - 1) / 8]);
-    wvalue = (wvalue >> ((idx - 1) % 8)) & mask;
-    booth_recode_w7(&sign0, &digit0, wvalue);
-    ecp_nistz256_gather_w7((P256_POINT_AFFINE *)r,
-                           preComputedTable[36], digit0);
-    ecp_nistz256_neg(tmp, r->Y);
-    copy_conditional(r->Y, tmp, sign0);
-    memcpy(r->Z, ONE, sizeof(ONE));
-    /* Sum the four windows */
-    ecp_nistz256_point_add(r, r, &res_point_arr[0]);
-    ecp_nistz256_point_add(r, r, &res_point_arr[1]);
-    ecp_nistz256_point_add(r, r, &res_point_arr[2]);
-    ecp_nistz256_point_add(r, r, &res_point_arr[3]);
-}
-# endif
-#endif
-
 __owur static int ecp_nistz256_set_from_affine(EC_POINT *out, const EC_GROUP *group,
                                               const P256_POINT_AFFINE *in,
                                               BN_CTX *ctx)
@@ -1219,6 +1018,8 @@ __owur static int ecp_nistz256_points_mul(const EC_GROUP *group,
        }

        if (preComputedTable) {
+            BN_ULONG infty;
+
            if ((BN_num_bits(scalar) > 256)
                || BN_is_negative(scalar)) {
                if ((tmp_scalar = BN_CTX_get(ctx)) == NULL)
@@ -1250,67 +1051,58 @@ __owur static int ecp_nistz256_points_mul(const EC_GROUP *group,
            for (; i < 33; i++)
                p_str[i] = 0;

-#if defined(ECP_NISTZ256_AVX2)
-            if (ecp_nistz_avx2_eligible()) {
-                ecp_nistz256_avx2_mul_g(&p.p, p_str, preComputedTable);
-            } else
-#endif
-            {
-                BN_ULONG infty;
+            /* First window */
+            wvalue = (p_str[0] << 1) & mask;
+            idx += window_size;

-                /* First window */
-                wvalue = (p_str[0] << 1) & mask;
+            wvalue = _booth_recode_w7(wvalue);
+
+            ecp_nistz256_gather_w7(&p.a, preComputedTable[0],
+                                   wvalue >> 1);
+
+            ecp_nistz256_neg(p.p.Z, p.p.Y);
+            copy_conditional(p.p.Y, p.p.Z, wvalue & 1);
+
+            /*
+             * Since affine infinity is encoded as (0,0) and
+             * Jacobian is (,,0), we need to harmonize them
+             * by assigning "one" or zero to Z.
+             */
+            infty = (p.p.X[0] | p.p.X[1] | p.p.X[2] | p.p.X[3] |
+                     p.p.Y[0] | p.p.Y[1] | p.p.Y[2] | p.p.Y[3]);
+            if (P256_LIMBS == 8)
+                infty |= (p.p.X[4] | p.p.X[5] | p.p.X[6] | p.p.X[7] |
+                          p.p.Y[4] | p.p.Y[5] | p.p.Y[6] | p.p.Y[7]);
+
+            infty = 0 - is_zero(infty);
+            infty = ~infty;
+
+            p.p.Z[0] = ONE[0] & infty;
+            p.p.Z[1] = ONE[1] & infty;
+            p.p.Z[2] = ONE[2] & infty;
+            p.p.Z[3] = ONE[3] & infty;
+            if (P256_LIMBS == 8) {
+                p.p.Z[4] = ONE[4] & infty;
+                p.p.Z[5] = ONE[5] & infty;
+                p.p.Z[6] = ONE[6] & infty;
+                p.p.Z[7] = ONE[7] & infty;
+            }
+
+            for (i = 1; i < 37; i++) {
+                unsigned int off = (idx - 1) / 8;
+                wvalue = p_str[off] | p_str[off + 1] << 8;
+                wvalue = (wvalue >> ((idx - 1) % 8)) & mask;
                idx += window_size;

                wvalue = _booth_recode_w7(wvalue);

-                ecp_nistz256_gather_w7(&p.a, preComputedTable[0],
-                                       wvalue >> 1);
+                ecp_nistz256_gather_w7(&t.a,
+                                       preComputedTable[i], wvalue >> 1);

-                ecp_nistz256_neg(p.p.Z, p.p.Y);
-                copy_conditional(p.p.Y, p.p.Z, wvalue & 1);
+                ecp_nistz256_neg(t.p.Z, t.a.Y);
+                copy_conditional(t.a.Y, t.p.Z, wvalue & 1);

-                /*
-                 * Since affine infinity is encoded as (0,0) and
-                 * Jacobian ias (,,0), we need to harmonize them
-                 * by assigning "one" or zero to Z.
-                 */
-                infty = (p.p.X[0] | p.p.X[1] | p.p.X[2] | p.p.X[3] |
-                         p.p.Y[0] | p.p.Y[1] | p.p.Y[2] | p.p.Y[3]);
-                if (P256_LIMBS == 8)
-                    infty |= (p.p.X[4] | p.p.X[5] | p.p.X[6] | p.p.X[7] |
-                              p.p.Y[4] | p.p.Y[5] | p.p.Y[6] | p.p.Y[7]);
-
-                infty = 0 - is_zero(infty);
-                infty = ~infty;
-
-                p.p.Z[0] = ONE[0] & infty;
-                p.p.Z[1] = ONE[1] & infty;
-                p.p.Z[2] = ONE[2] & infty;
-                p.p.Z[3] = ONE[3] & infty;
-                if (P256_LIMBS == 8) {
-                    p.p.Z[4] = ONE[4] & infty;
-                    p.p.Z[5] = ONE[5] & infty;
-                    p.p.Z[6] = ONE[6] & infty;
-                    p.p.Z[7] = ONE[7] & infty;
-                }
-
-                for (i = 1; i < 37; i++) {
-                    unsigned int off = (idx - 1) / 8;
-                    wvalue = p_str[off] | p_str[off + 1] << 8;
-                    wvalue = (wvalue >> ((idx - 1) % 8)) & mask;
-                    idx += window_size;
-
-                    wvalue = _booth_recode_w7(wvalue);
-
-                    ecp_nistz256_gather_w7(&t.a,
-                                           preComputedTable[i], wvalue >> 1);
-
-                    ecp_nistz256_neg(t.p.Z, t.a.Y);
-                    copy_conditional(t.a.Y, t.p.Z, wvalue & 1);
-
-                    ecp_nistz256_point_add_affine(&p.p, &p.p, &t.a);
-                }
+                ecp_nistz256_point_add_affine(&p.p, &p.p, &t.a);
            }
        } else {
            p_is_infinity = 1;
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2001-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2001-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -171,6 +171,7 @@ void engine_cleanup_int(void)
        cleanup_stack = NULL;
    }
    CRYPTO_THREAD_lock_free(global_engine_lock);
+    global_engine_lock = NULL;
 }

 /* Now the "ex_data" support */
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright 1999-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+# Copyright 1999-2021 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 #
 # Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 # this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ ASN1_F_ASN1_ITEM_D2I_FP:206:ASN1_item_d2i_fp
 ASN1_F_ASN1_ITEM_DUP:191:ASN1_item_dup
 ASN1_F_ASN1_ITEM_EMBED_D2I:120:asn1_item_embed_d2i
 ASN1_F_ASN1_ITEM_EMBED_NEW:121:asn1_item_embed_new
+ASN1_F_ASN1_ITEM_EX_I2D:144:ASN1_item_ex_i2d
 ASN1_F_ASN1_ITEM_FLAGS_I2D:118:asn1_item_flags_i2d
 ASN1_F_ASN1_ITEM_I2D_BIO:192:ASN1_item_i2d_bio
 ASN1_F_ASN1_ITEM_I2D_FP:193:ASN1_item_i2d_fp
@@ -934,6 +935,8 @@ PEM_F_PEM_READ_PRIVATEKEY:124:PEM_read_PrivateKey
 PEM_F_PEM_SIGNFINAL:112:PEM_SignFinal
 PEM_F_PEM_WRITE:113:PEM_write
 PEM_F_PEM_WRITE_BIO:114:PEM_write_bio
+PEM_F_PEM_WRITE_BIO_PRIVATEKEY_TRADITIONAL:147:\
+	PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey_traditional
 PEM_F_PEM_WRITE_PRIVATEKEY:139:PEM_write_PrivateKey
 PEM_F_PEM_X509_INFO_READ:115:PEM_X509_INFO_read
 PEM_F_PEM_X509_INFO_READ_BIO:116:PEM_X509_INFO_read_bio
@@ -1742,6 +1745,7 @@ X509_F_X509_NAME_PRINT:117:X509_NAME_print
 X509_F_X509_OBJECT_NEW:150:X509_OBJECT_new
 X509_F_X509_PRINT_EX_FP:118:X509_print_ex_fp
 X509_F_X509_PUBKEY_DECODE:148:x509_pubkey_decode
+X509_F_X509_PUBKEY_GET:161:X509_PUBKEY_get
 X509_F_X509_PUBKEY_GET0:119:X509_PUBKEY_get0
 X509_F_X509_PUBKEY_SET:120:X509_PUBKEY_set
 X509_F_X509_REQ_CHECK_PRIVATE_KEY:144:X509_REQ_check_private_key
@@ -1768,6 +1772,7 @@ ASN1_R_ASN1_PARSE_ERROR:203:asn1 parse error
 ASN1_R_ASN1_SIG_PARSE_ERROR:204:asn1 sig parse error
 ASN1_R_AUX_ERROR:100:aux error
 ASN1_R_BAD_OBJECT_HEADER:102:bad object header
+ASN1_R_BAD_TEMPLATE:230:bad template
 ASN1_R_BMPSTRING_IS_WRONG_LENGTH:214:bmpstring is wrong length
 ASN1_R_BN_LIB:105:bn lib
 ASN1_R_BOOLEAN_IS_WRONG_LENGTH:106:boolean is wrong length
@@ -2164,6 +2169,7 @@ EC_R_KEYS_NOT_SET:140:keys not set
 EC_R_LADDER_POST_FAILURE:136:ladder post failure
 EC_R_LADDER_PRE_FAILURE:153:ladder pre failure
 EC_R_LADDER_STEP_FAILURE:162:ladder step failure
+EC_R_MISSING_OID:167:missing OID
 EC_R_MISSING_PARAMETERS:124:missing parameters
 EC_R_MISSING_PRIVATE_KEY:125:missing private key
 EC_R_NEED_NEW_SETUP_VALUES:157:need new setup values
@@ -2277,6 +2283,7 @@ EVP_R_ONLY_ONESHOT_SUPPORTED:177:only oneshot supported
 EVP_R_OPERATION_NOT_SUPPORTED_FOR_THIS_KEYTYPE:150:\
 	operation not supported for this keytype
 EVP_R_OPERATON_NOT_INITIALIZED:151:operaton not initialized
+EVP_R_OUTPUT_WOULD_OVERFLOW:184:output would overflow
 EVP_R_PARTIALLY_OVERLAPPING:162:partially overlapping buffers
 EVP_R_PBKDF2_ERROR:181:pbkdf2 error
 EVP_R_PKEY_APPLICATION_ASN1_METHOD_ALREADY_REGISTERED:179:\
@@ -2398,6 +2405,7 @@ PEM_R_UNEXPECTED_DEK_IV:130:unexpected dek iv
 PEM_R_UNSUPPORTED_CIPHER:113:unsupported cipher
 PEM_R_UNSUPPORTED_ENCRYPTION:114:unsupported encryption
 PEM_R_UNSUPPORTED_KEY_COMPONENTS:126:unsupported key components
+PEM_R_UNSUPPORTED_PUBLIC_KEY_TYPE:110:unsupported public key type
 PKCS12_R_CANT_PACK_STRUCTURE:100:cant pack structure
 PKCS12_R_CONTENT_TYPE_NOT_DATA:121:content type not data
 PKCS12_R_DECODE_ERROR:101:decode error
@@ -130,11 +130,6 @@ void bsaes_xts_decrypt(const unsigned char *inp, unsigned char *out,
                       size_t len, const AES_KEY *key1,
                       const AES_KEY *key2, const unsigned char iv[16]);
 #endif
-#if !defined(AES_ASM) && !defined(AES_CTR_ASM)			\
-	&& defined(OPENSSL_AES_CONST_TIME)			\
-	&& !defined(OPENSSL_SMALL_FOOTPRINT)
-# define AES_CTR_ASM
-#endif
 #ifdef AES_CTR_ASM
 void AES_ctr32_encrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,
                       size_t blocks, const AES_KEY *key,
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 1995-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 1995-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ static int evp_decodeblock_int(EVP_ENCODE_CTX *ctx, unsigned char *t,
        table = data_ascii2bin;

    /* trim white space from the start of the line. */
-    while ((conv_ascii2bin(*f, table) == B64_WS) && (n > 0)) {
+    while ((n > 0) && (conv_ascii2bin(*f, table) == B64_WS)) {
        f++;
        n--;
    }
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 */

 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <limits.h>
 #include <assert.h>
 #include "internal/cryptlib.h"
 #include <openssl/evp.h>
@@ -355,6 +356,19 @@ static int evp_EncryptDecryptUpdate(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx,
            return 1;
        } else {
            j = bl - i;
+
+            /*
+             * Once we've processed the first j bytes from in, the amount of
+             * data left that is a multiple of the block length is:
+             * (inl - j) & ~(bl - 1)
+             * We must ensure that this amount of data, plus the one block that
+             * we process from ctx->buf does not exceed INT_MAX
+             */
+            if (((inl - j) & ~(bl - 1)) > INT_MAX - bl) {
+                EVPerr(EVP_F_EVP_ENCRYPTDECRYPTUPDATE,
+                       EVP_R_OUTPUT_WOULD_OVERFLOW);
+                return 0;
+            }
            memcpy(&(ctx->buf[i]), in, j);
            inl -= j;
            in += j;
@@ -502,6 +516,19 @@ int EVP_DecryptUpdate(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx, unsigned char *out, int *outl,
            EVPerr(EVP_F_EVP_DECRYPTUPDATE, EVP_R_PARTIALLY_OVERLAPPING);
            return 0;
        }
+        /*
+         * final_used is only ever set if buf_len is 0. Therefore the maximum
+         * length output we will ever see from evp_EncryptDecryptUpdate is
+         * the maximum multiple of the block length that is <= inl, or just:
+         * inl & ~(b - 1)
+         * Since final_used has been set then the final output length is:
+         * (inl & ~(b - 1)) + b
+         * This must never exceed INT_MAX
+         */
+        if ((inl & ~(b - 1)) > INT_MAX - b) {
+            EVPerr(EVP_F_EVP_DECRYPTUPDATE, EVP_R_OUTPUT_WOULD_OVERFLOW);
+            return 0;
+        }
        memcpy(out, ctx->final, b);
        out += b;
        fix_len = 1;
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
 * Generated by util/mkerr.pl DO NOT EDIT
- * Copyright 1995-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 1995-2021 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -239,6 +239,8 @@ static const ERR_STRING_DATA EVP_str_reasons[] = {
    "operation not supported for this keytype"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_EVP, 0, EVP_R_OPERATON_NOT_INITIALIZED),
    "operaton not initialized"},
+    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_EVP, 0, EVP_R_OUTPUT_WOULD_OVERFLOW),
+    "output would overflow"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_EVP, 0, EVP_R_PARTIALLY_OVERLAPPING),
    "partially overlapping buffers"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_EVP, 0, EVP_R_PBKDF2_ERROR), "pbkdf2 error"},
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2015-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 * Copyright 2004-2014, Akamai Technologies. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ static void sh_done(void)
    OPENSSL_free(sh.freelist);
    OPENSSL_free(sh.bittable);
    OPENSSL_free(sh.bitmalloc);
-    if (sh.map_result != NULL && sh.map_size)
+    if (sh.map_result != MAP_FAILED && sh.map_size)
        munmap(sh.map_result, sh.map_size);
    memset(&sh, 0, sizeof(sh));
 }
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2008-2016 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2008-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -15,6 +15,12 @@
 # define STRICT_ALIGNMENT 0
 #endif

+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !STRICT_ALIGNMENT
+typedef size_t size_t_aX __attribute((__aligned__(1)));
+#else
+typedef size_t size_t_aX;
+#endif
+
 void CRYPTO_cbc128_encrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,
                           size_t len, const void *key,
                           unsigned char ivec[16], block128_f block)
@@ -40,8 +46,8 @@ void CRYPTO_cbc128_encrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,
    } else {
        while (len >= 16) {
            for (n = 0; n < 16; n += sizeof(size_t))
-                *(size_t *)(out + n) =
-                    *(size_t *)(in + n) ^ *(size_t *)(iv + n);
+                *(size_t_aX *)(out + n) =
+                    *(size_t_aX *)(in + n) ^ *(size_t_aX *)(iv + n);
            (*block) (out, out, key);
            iv = out;
            len -= 16;
@@ -96,7 +102,8 @@ void CRYPTO_cbc128_decrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,
            }
        } else if (16 % sizeof(size_t) == 0) { /* always true */
            while (len >= 16) {
-                size_t *out_t = (size_t *)out, *iv_t = (size_t *)iv;
+                size_t_aX *out_t = (size_t_aX *)out;
+                size_t_aX *iv_t = (size_t_aX *)iv;

                (*block) (in, out, key);
                for (n = 0; n < 16 / sizeof(size_t); n++)
@@ -125,8 +132,10 @@ void CRYPTO_cbc128_decrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,
            }
        } else if (16 % sizeof(size_t) == 0) { /* always true */
            while (len >= 16) {
-                size_t c, *out_t = (size_t *)out, *ivec_t = (size_t *)ivec;
-                const size_t *in_t = (const size_t *)in;
+                size_t c;
+                size_t_aX *out_t = (size_t_aX *)out;
+                size_t_aX *ivec_t = (size_t_aX *)ivec;
+                const size_t_aX *in_t = (const size_t_aX *)in;

                (*block) (in, tmp.c, key);
                for (n = 0; n < 16 / sizeof(size_t); n++) {
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2011-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2011-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -11,6 +11,14 @@
 #include "modes_local.h"
 #include <string.h>

+#ifndef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
+# ifdef __GNUC__
+typedef u64 u64_a1 __attribute((__aligned__(1)));
+# else
+typedef u64 u64_a1;
+# endif
+#endif
+
 /*
 * First you setup M and L parameters and pass the key schedule. This is
 * called once per session setup...
@@ -170,8 +178,8 @@ int CRYPTO_ccm128_encrypt(CCM128_CONTEXT *ctx,
        ctx->cmac.u[0] ^= temp.u[0];
        ctx->cmac.u[1] ^= temp.u[1];
 #else
-        ctx->cmac.u[0] ^= ((u64 *)inp)[0];
-        ctx->cmac.u[1] ^= ((u64 *)inp)[1];
+        ctx->cmac.u[0] ^= ((u64_a1 *)inp)[0];
+        ctx->cmac.u[1] ^= ((u64_a1 *)inp)[1];
 #endif
        (*block) (ctx->cmac.c, ctx->cmac.c, key);
        (*block) (ctx->nonce.c, scratch.c, key);
@@ -181,8 +189,8 @@ int CRYPTO_ccm128_encrypt(CCM128_CONTEXT *ctx,
        temp.u[1] ^= scratch.u[1];
        memcpy(out, temp.c, 16);
 #else
-        ((u64 *)out)[0] = scratch.u[0] ^ ((u64 *)inp)[0];
-        ((u64 *)out)[1] = scratch.u[1] ^ ((u64 *)inp)[1];
+        ((u64_a1 *)out)[0] = scratch.u[0] ^ ((u64_a1 *)inp)[0];
+        ((u64_a1 *)out)[1] = scratch.u[1] ^ ((u64_a1 *)inp)[1];
 #endif
        inp += 16;
        out += 16;
@@ -254,8 +262,10 @@ int CRYPTO_ccm128_decrypt(CCM128_CONTEXT *ctx,
        ctx->cmac.u[1] ^= (scratch.u[1] ^= temp.u[1]);
        memcpy(out, scratch.c, 16);
 #else
-        ctx->cmac.u[0] ^= (((u64 *)out)[0] = scratch.u[0] ^ ((u64 *)inp)[0]);
-        ctx->cmac.u[1] ^= (((u64 *)out)[1] = scratch.u[1] ^ ((u64 *)inp)[1]);
+        ctx->cmac.u[0] ^= (((u64_a1 *)out)[0]
+                            = scratch.u[0] ^ ((u64_a1 *)inp)[0]);
+        ctx->cmac.u[1] ^= (((u64_a1 *)out)[1]
+                            = scratch.u[1] ^ ((u64_a1 *)inp)[1]);
 #endif
        (*block) (ctx->cmac.c, ctx->cmac.c, key);

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2008-2016 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2008-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -11,6 +11,12 @@
 #include "modes_local.h"
 #include <string.h>

+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(STRICT_ALIGNMENT)
+typedef size_t size_t_aX __attribute((__aligned__(1)));
+#else
+typedef size_t size_t_aX;
+#endif
+
 /*
 * The input and output encrypted as though 128bit cfb mode is being used.
 * The extra state information to record how much of the 128bit block we have
@@ -43,8 +49,9 @@ void CRYPTO_cfb128_encrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,
                while (len >= 16) {
                    (*block) (ivec, ivec, key);
                    for (; n < 16; n += sizeof(size_t)) {
-                        *(size_t *)(out + n) =
-                            *(size_t *)(ivec + n) ^= *(size_t *)(in + n);
+                        *(size_t_aX *)(out + n) =
+                            *(size_t_aX *)(ivec + n)
+                                ^= *(size_t_aX *)(in + n);
                    }
                    len -= 16;
                    out += 16;
@@ -92,9 +99,10 @@ void CRYPTO_cfb128_encrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,
                while (len >= 16) {
                    (*block) (ivec, ivec, key);
                    for (; n < 16; n += sizeof(size_t)) {
-                        size_t t = *(size_t *)(in + n);
-                        *(size_t *)(out + n) = *(size_t *)(ivec + n) ^ t;
-                        *(size_t *)(ivec + n) = t;
+                        size_t t = *(size_t_aX *)(in + n);
+                        *(size_t_aX *)(out + n)
+                            = *(size_t_aX *)(ivec + n) ^ t;
+                        *(size_t_aX *)(ivec + n) = t;
                    }
                    len -= 16;
                    out += 16;
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2008-2016 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2008-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -11,6 +11,12 @@
 #include "modes_local.h"
 #include <string.h>

+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(STRICT_ALIGNMENT)
+typedef size_t size_t_aX __attribute((__aligned__(1)));
+#else
+typedef size_t size_t_aX;
+#endif
+
 /*
 * NOTE: the IV/counter CTR mode is big-endian.  The code itself is
 * endian-neutral.
@@ -97,8 +103,9 @@ void CRYPTO_ctr128_encrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,
                (*block) (ivec, ecount_buf, key);
                ctr128_inc_aligned(ivec);
                for (n = 0; n < 16; n += sizeof(size_t))
-                    *(size_t *)(out + n) =
-                        *(size_t *)(in + n) ^ *(size_t *)(ecount_buf + n);
+                    *(size_t_aX *)(out + n) =
+                        *(size_t_aX *)(in + n)
+                        ^ *(size_t_aX *)(ecount_buf + n);
                len -= 16;
                out += 16;
                in += 16;
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2010-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2010-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -11,6 +11,12 @@
 #include "modes_local.h"
 #include <string.h>

+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(STRICT_ALIGNMENT)
+typedef size_t size_t_aX __attribute((__aligned__(1)));
+#else
+typedef size_t size_t_aX;
+#endif
+
 #if defined(BSWAP4) && defined(STRICT_ALIGNMENT)
 /* redefine, because alignment is ensured */
 # undef  GETU32
@@ -1080,8 +1086,8 @@ int CRYPTO_gcm128_encrypt(GCM128_CONTEXT *ctx,
                size_t j = GHASH_CHUNK;

                while (j) {
-                    size_t *out_t = (size_t *)out;
-                    const size_t *in_t = (const size_t *)in;
+                    size_t_aX *out_t = (size_t_aX *)out;
+                    const size_t_aX *in_t = (const size_t_aX *)in;

                    (*block) (ctx->Yi.c, ctx->EKi.c, key);
                    ++ctr;
@@ -1107,8 +1113,8 @@ int CRYPTO_gcm128_encrypt(GCM128_CONTEXT *ctx,
                size_t j = i;

                while (len >= 16) {
-                    size_t *out_t = (size_t *)out;
-                    const size_t *in_t = (const size_t *)in;
+                    size_t_aX *out_t = (size_t_aX *)out;
+                    const size_t_aX *in_t = (const size_t_aX *)in;

                    (*block) (ctx->Yi.c, ctx->EKi.c, key);
                    ++ctr;
@@ -1318,8 +1324,8 @@ int CRYPTO_gcm128_decrypt(GCM128_CONTEXT *ctx,

                GHASH(ctx, in, GHASH_CHUNK);
                while (j) {
-                    size_t *out_t = (size_t *)out;
-                    const size_t *in_t = (const size_t *)in;
+                    size_t_aX *out_t = (size_t_aX *)out;
+                    const size_t_aX *in_t = (const size_t_aX *)in;

                    (*block) (ctx->Yi.c, ctx->EKi.c, key);
                    ++ctr;
@@ -1343,8 +1349,8 @@ int CRYPTO_gcm128_decrypt(GCM128_CONTEXT *ctx,
            if ((i = (len & (size_t)-16))) {
                GHASH(ctx, in, i);
                while (len >= 16) {
-                    size_t *out_t = (size_t *)out;
-                    const size_t *in_t = (const size_t *)in;
+                    size_t_aX *out_t = (size_t_aX *)out;
+                    const size_t_aX *in_t = (const size_t_aX *)in;

                    (*block) (ctx->Yi.c, ctx->EKi.c, key);
                    ++ctr;
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2010-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2010-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -37,6 +37,14 @@ typedef unsigned char u8;
 # endif
 #endif

+#ifndef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
+# ifdef __GNUC__
+typedef u32 u32_a1 __attribute((__aligned__(1)));
+# else
+typedef u32 u32_a1;
+# endif
+#endif
+
 #if !defined(PEDANTIC) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_ASM) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_INLINE_ASM)
 # if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__>=2
 #  if defined(__x86_64) || defined(__x86_64__)
@@ -86,8 +94,8 @@ _asm mov eax, val _asm bswap eax}
 # endif
 #endif
 #if defined(BSWAP4) && !defined(STRICT_ALIGNMENT)
-# define GETU32(p)       BSWAP4(*(const u32 *)(p))
-# define PUTU32(p,v)     *(u32 *)(p) = BSWAP4(v)
+# define GETU32(p)       BSWAP4(*(const u32_a1 *)(p))
+# define PUTU32(p,v)     *(u32_a1 *)(p) = BSWAP4(v)
 #else
 # define GETU32(p)       ((u32)(p)[0]<<24|(u32)(p)[1]<<16|(u32)(p)[2]<<8|(u32)(p)[3])
 # define PUTU32(p,v)     ((p)[0]=(u8)((v)>>24),(p)[1]=(u8)((v)>>16),(p)[2]=(u8)((v)>>8),(p)[3]=(u8)(v))
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2008-2016 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2008-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -11,6 +11,12 @@
 #include "modes_local.h"
 #include <string.h>

+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(STRICT_ALIGNMENT)
+typedef size_t size_t_aX __attribute((__aligned__(1)));
+#else
+typedef size_t size_t_aX;
+#endif
+
 /*
 * The input and output encrypted as though 128bit ofb mode is being used.
 * The extra state information to record how much of the 128bit block we have
@@ -41,8 +47,9 @@ void CRYPTO_ofb128_encrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,
            while (len >= 16) {
                (*block) (ivec, ivec, key);
                for (; n < 16; n += sizeof(size_t))
-                    *(size_t *)(out + n) =
-                        *(size_t *)(in + n) ^ *(size_t *)(ivec + n);
+                    *(size_t_aX *)(out + n) =
+                        *(size_t_aX *)(in + n)
+                        ^ *(size_t_aX *)(ivec + n);
                len -= 16;
                out += 16;
                in += 16;
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2011-2016 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2011-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -11,6 +11,14 @@
 #include "modes_local.h"
 #include <string.h>

+#ifndef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
+# ifdef __GNUC__
+typedef u64 u64_a1 __attribute((__aligned__(1)));
+# else
+typedef u64 u64_a1;
+# endif
+#endif
+
 int CRYPTO_xts128_encrypt(const XTS128_CONTEXT *ctx,
                          const unsigned char iv[16],
                          const unsigned char *inp, unsigned char *out,
@@ -45,8 +53,8 @@ int CRYPTO_xts128_encrypt(const XTS128_CONTEXT *ctx,
        scratch.u[0] ^= tweak.u[0];
        scratch.u[1] ^= tweak.u[1];
 #else
-        scratch.u[0] = ((u64 *)inp)[0] ^ tweak.u[0];
-        scratch.u[1] = ((u64 *)inp)[1] ^ tweak.u[1];
+        scratch.u[0] = ((u64_a1 *)inp)[0] ^ tweak.u[0];
+        scratch.u[1] = ((u64_a1 *)inp)[1] ^ tweak.u[1];
 #endif
        (*ctx->block1) (scratch.c, scratch.c, ctx->key1);
 #if defined(STRICT_ALIGNMENT)
@@ -54,8 +62,8 @@ int CRYPTO_xts128_encrypt(const XTS128_CONTEXT *ctx,
        scratch.u[1] ^= tweak.u[1];
        memcpy(out, scratch.c, 16);
 #else
-        ((u64 *)out)[0] = scratch.u[0] ^= tweak.u[0];
-        ((u64 *)out)[1] = scratch.u[1] ^= tweak.u[1];
+        ((u64_a1 *)out)[0] = scratch.u[0] ^= tweak.u[0];
+        ((u64_a1 *)out)[1] = scratch.u[1] ^= tweak.u[1];
 #endif
        inp += 16;
        out += 16;
@@ -128,8 +136,8 @@ int CRYPTO_xts128_encrypt(const XTS128_CONTEXT *ctx,
        scratch.u[0] ^= tweak1.u[0];
        scratch.u[1] ^= tweak1.u[1];
 #else
-        scratch.u[0] = ((u64 *)inp)[0] ^ tweak1.u[0];
-        scratch.u[1] = ((u64 *)inp)[1] ^ tweak1.u[1];
+        scratch.u[0] = ((u64_a1 *)inp)[0] ^ tweak1.u[0];
+        scratch.u[1] = ((u64_a1 *)inp)[1] ^ tweak1.u[1];
 #endif
        (*ctx->block1) (scratch.c, scratch.c, ctx->key1);
        scratch.u[0] ^= tweak1.u[0];
@@ -148,8 +156,8 @@ int CRYPTO_xts128_encrypt(const XTS128_CONTEXT *ctx,
        scratch.u[1] ^= tweak.u[1];
        memcpy(out, scratch.c, 16);
 #else
-        ((u64 *)out)[0] = scratch.u[0] ^ tweak.u[0];
-        ((u64 *)out)[1] = scratch.u[1] ^ tweak.u[1];
+        ((u64_a1 *)out)[0] = scratch.u[0] ^ tweak.u[0];
+        ((u64_a1 *)out)[1] = scratch.u[1] ^ tweak.u[1];
 #endif
    }

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2003-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2003-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ char *OPENSSL_buf2hexstr(const unsigned char *buffer, long len)

 int openssl_strerror_r(int errnum, char *buf, size_t buflen)
 {
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER>=1400
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER>=1400 && !defined(_WIN32_WCE)
    return !strerror_s(buf, buflen, errnum);
 #elif defined(_GNU_SOURCE)
    char *err;
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2001-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2001-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ struct tm *OPENSSL_gmtime(const time_t *timer, struct tm *result)
    if (gmtime_r(timer, result) == NULL)
        return NULL;
    ts = result;
-#elif defined (OPENSSL_SYS_WINDOWS) && defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1400
+#elif defined (OPENSSL_SYS_WINDOWS) && defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1400 && !defined(_WIN32_WCE)
    if (gmtime_s(result, timer))
        return NULL;
    ts = result;
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
 * Generated by util/mkerr.pl DO NOT EDIT
- * Copyright 1995-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 1995-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@ static const ERR_STRING_DATA PEM_str_functs[] = {
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_PEM, PEM_F_PEM_SIGNFINAL, 0), "PEM_SignFinal"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_PEM, PEM_F_PEM_WRITE, 0), "PEM_write"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_PEM, PEM_F_PEM_WRITE_BIO, 0), "PEM_write_bio"},
+    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_PEM, PEM_F_PEM_WRITE_BIO_PRIVATEKEY_TRADITIONAL, 0),
+     "PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey_traditional"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_PEM, PEM_F_PEM_WRITE_PRIVATEKEY, 0),
     "PEM_write_PrivateKey"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_PEM, PEM_F_PEM_X509_INFO_READ, 0), "PEM_X509_INFO_read"},
@@ -109,6 +111,8 @@ static const ERR_STRING_DATA PEM_str_reasons[] = {
    "unsupported encryption"},
    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_PEM, 0, PEM_R_UNSUPPORTED_KEY_COMPONENTS),
    "unsupported key components"},
+    {ERR_PACK(ERR_LIB_PEM, 0, PEM_R_UNSUPPORTED_PUBLIC_KEY_TYPE),
+    "unsupported public key type"},
    {0, NULL}
 };

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 1995-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 1995-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ int PEM_ASN1_write_bio(i2d_of_void *i2d, const char *name, BIO *bp,
        }
    }

-    if ((dsize = i2d(x, NULL)) < 0) {
+    if ((dsize = i2d(x, NULL)) <= 0) {
        PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_ASN1_WRITE_BIO, ERR_R_ASN1_LIB);
        dsize = 0;
        goto err;
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ static int get_header_and_data(BIO *bp, BIO **header, BIO **data, char *name,
 {
    BIO *tmp = *header;
    char *linebuf, *p;
-    int len, line, ret = 0, end = 0;
+    int len, line, ret = 0, end = 0, prev_partial_line_read = 0, partial_line_read = 0;
    /* 0 if not seen (yet), 1 if reading header, 2 if finished header */
    enum header_status got_header = MAYBE_HEADER;
    unsigned int flags_mask;
@@ -809,10 +809,18 @@ static int get_header_and_data(BIO *bp, BIO **header, BIO **data, char *name,
        flags_mask = ~0u;
        len = BIO_gets(bp, linebuf, LINESIZE);
        if (len <= 0) {
-            PEMerr(PEM_F_GET_HEADER_AND_DATA, PEM_R_SHORT_HEADER);
+            PEMerr(PEM_F_GET_HEADER_AND_DATA, PEM_R_BAD_END_LINE);
            goto err;
        }

+        /*
+         * Check if line has been read completely or if only part of the line
+         * has been read. Keep the previous value to ignore newlines that
+         * appear due to reading a line up until the char before the newline.
+         */
+        prev_partial_line_read = partial_line_read;
+        partial_line_read = len == LINESIZE-1 && linebuf[LINESIZE-2] != '\n';
+
        if (got_header == MAYBE_HEADER) {
            if (memchr(linebuf, ':', len) != NULL)
                got_header = IN_HEADER;
@@ -823,13 +831,19 @@ static int get_header_and_data(BIO *bp, BIO **header, BIO **data, char *name,

        /* Check for end of header. */
        if (linebuf[0] == '\n') {
-            if (got_header == POST_HEADER) {
-                /* Another blank line is an error. */
-                PEMerr(PEM_F_GET_HEADER_AND_DATA, PEM_R_BAD_END_LINE);
-                goto err;
+            /*
+             * If previous line has been read only partially this newline is a
+             * regular newline at the end of a line and not an empty line.
+             */
+            if (!prev_partial_line_read) {
+                if (got_header == POST_HEADER) {
+                    /* Another blank line is an error. */
+                    PEMerr(PEM_F_GET_HEADER_AND_DATA, PEM_R_BAD_END_LINE);
+                    goto err;
+                }
+                got_header = POST_HEADER;
+                tmp = *data;
            }
-            got_header = POST_HEADER;
-            tmp = *data;
            continue;
        }

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 1995-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 1995-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -108,6 +108,12 @@ int PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey_traditional(BIO *bp, EVP_PKEY *x,
                                         pem_password_cb *cb, void *u)
 {
    char pem_str[80];
+
+    if (x->ameth == NULL || x->ameth->old_priv_encode == NULL) {
+        PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_WRITE_BIO_PRIVATEKEY_TRADITIONAL,
+               PEM_R_UNSUPPORTED_PUBLIC_KEY_TYPE);
+        return 0;
+    }
    BIO_snprintf(pem_str, 80, "%s PRIVATE KEY", x->ameth->pem_str);
    return PEM_ASN1_write_bio((i2d_of_void *)i2d_PrivateKey,
                              pem_str, bp, x, enc, kstr, klen, cb, u);
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2005-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Copyright 2005-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ static unsigned int read_ledword(const unsigned char **in)
 {
    const unsigned char *p = *in;
    unsigned int ret;
-    ret = *p++;
-    ret |= (*p++ << 8);
-    ret |= (*p++ << 16);
-    ret |= (*p++ << 24);
+    ret = (unsigned int)*p++;
+    ret |= (unsigned int)*p++ << 8;
+    ret |= (unsigned int)*p++ << 16;
+    ret |= (unsigned int)*p++ << 24;
    *in = p;
    return ret;
 }
@@ -875,9 +875,9 @@ int i2b_PVK_bio(BIO *out, EVP_PKEY *pk, int enclevel,
    wrlen = BIO_write(out, tmp, outlen);
    OPENSSL_free(tmp);
    if (wrlen == outlen) {
-        PEMerr(PEM_F_I2B_PVK_BIO, PEM_R_BIO_WRITE_FAILURE);
        return outlen;
    }
+    PEMerr(PEM_F_I2B_PVK_BIO, PEM_R_BIO_WRITE_FAILURE);
    return -1;
 }
@@ -1 +1 @@
 a
 a