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# tzdb data for Africa and environs
# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file, and please send any changes to
# the public mailing list [email protected] for general use in the future.
# For more, please see the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-27):
#
# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
#
# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
#
# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
# I found in the UCLA library.
#
# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
#
# For the 1911/1912 establishment of standard time in French possessions, see:
# Société Française de Physique, Recueil de constantes physiques (1913),
# page 752, 18b.
#
# European-style abbreviations are commonly used along the Mediterranean.
# For sub-Saharan Africa abbreviations were less standardized.
# Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
# for UT +00 through +03, respectively,
# but in 1997 Mark R V Murray reported that
# 'SAST' is the official abbreviation for +02 in the country of South Africa,
# 'CAT' is commonly used for +02 in countries north of South Africa, and
# 'WAT' is probably the best name for +01, as the common phrase for
# the area that includes Nigeria is "West Africa".
#
# To summarize, the following abbreviations seemed to have some currency:
# +00 GMT Greenwich Mean Time
# +02 CAT Central Africa Time
# +02 SAST South Africa Standard Time
# and Murray suggested the following abbreviation:
# +01 WAT West Africa Time
# Murray's suggestion seems to have caught on in news reports and the like.
# I vaguely recall 'WAT' also being used for -01 in the past but
# cannot now come up with solid citations.
#
# I invented the following abbreviations in the 1990s:
# +02 WAST West Africa Summer Time
# +03 CAST Central Africa Summer Time
# +03 SAST South Africa Summer Time
# +03 EAT East Africa Time
# 'EAT' seems to have caught on and is in current timestamps, and though
# the other abbreviations are rarer and are only in past timestamps,
# they are paired with better-attested non-DST abbreviations.
# Corrections are welcome.
# Algeria
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Algeria 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Algeria 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Algeria 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Algeria 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Algeria 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Algeria 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Algeria 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
Rule Algeria 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Algeria 1921 only - Jun 21 23:00s 0 -
Rule Algeria 1939 only - Sep 11 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Algeria 1939 only - Nov 19 1:00 0 -
Rule Algeria 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00 1:00 S
Rule Algeria 1944 only - Oct 8 2:00 0 -
Rule Algeria 1945 only - Sep 16 1:00 0 -
Rule Algeria 1971 only - Apr 25 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Algeria 1971 only - Sep 26 23:00s 0 -
Rule Algeria 1977 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Algeria 1977 only - Oct 21 0:00 0 -
Rule Algeria 1978 only - Mar 24 1:00 1:00 S
Rule Algeria 1978 only - Sep 22 3:00 0 -
Rule Algeria 1980 only - Apr 25 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Algeria 1980 only - Oct 31 2:00 0 -
# See Europe/Paris for PMT-related transitions.
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Algiers 0:12:12 - LMT 1891 Mar 16
0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
0:00 Algeria WE%sT 1940 Feb 25 2:00
1:00 Algeria CE%sT 1946 Oct 7
0:00 - WET 1956 Jan 29
1:00 - CET 1963 Apr 14
0:00 Algeria WE%sT 1977 Oct 21
1:00 Algeria CE%sT 1979 Oct 26
0:00 Algeria WE%sT 1981 May
1:00 - CET
# Cape Verde / Cabo Verde
#
# From Tim Parenti (2024-07-01), per Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
# For timestamps before independence, see commentary for Europe/Lisbon.
# Shanks gives 1907 instead for the transition to -02.
#
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 - LMT 1912 Jan 01 2:00u # Praia
-2:00 - %z 1942 Sep
-2:00 1:00 %z 1945 Oct 15
-2:00 - %z 1975 Nov 25 2:00
-1:00 - %z
# Chad
# Fort-Lamy was renamed to N’Djamena on 1973-04-06.
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Ndjamena 1:00:12 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Fort-Lamy
1:00 - WAT 1979 Oct 14
1:00 1:00 WAST 1980 Mar 8
1:00 - WAT
# Burkina Faso
# Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
# The Gambia
# Ghana
# Guinea
# Iceland
# Mali
# Mauritania
# St Helena
# Senegal
# Sierra Leone
# Togo
# The other parts of the St Helena territory are similar:
# Tristan da Cunha: on GMT, say Whitman and the CIA
# Ascension: on GMT, say the USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA
# Gough (scientific station since 1955; sealers wintered previously):
# on GMT, says the CIA
# Inaccessible, Nightingale: uninhabited
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Abidjan -0:16:08 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
0:00 - GMT
###############################################################################
# Egypt
# Milne says Cairo used 2:05:08.9, the local mean time of the Abbasizeh
# observatory. Milne also says that the official time for
# Egypt was mean noon at the Great Pyramid, 2:04:30.5, but apparently this
# did not apply to Cairo, Alexandria, or Port Said.
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Egypt 1940 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Egypt 1940 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Egypt 1941 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Egypt 1941 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 -
Rule Egypt 1942 1944 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Egypt 1942 only - Oct 27 0:00 0 -
Rule Egypt 1943 1945 - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Egypt 1945 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Egypt 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Egypt 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Egypt 1958 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Egypt 1959 1981 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
Rule Egypt 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
Rule Egypt 1966 1994 - Oct 1 3:00 0 -
Rule Egypt 1982 only - Jul 25 1:00 1:00 S
Rule Egypt 1983 only - Jul 12 1:00 1:00 S
Rule Egypt 1984 1988 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
Rule Egypt 1989 only - May 6 1:00 1:00 S
Rule Egypt 1990 1994 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
# IATA (after 1990) says transitions are at 0:00.
# Go with IATA starting in 1995, except correct 1995 entry from 09-30 to 09-29.
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-04-20):
# "...Egypt's interim cabinet decided on Wednesday to cancel daylight
# saving time after a poll posted on its website showed the majority of
# Egyptians would approve the cancellation."
#
# Egypt to cancel daylight saving time
# http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/407168
# or
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt04.html
Rule Egypt 1995 2010 - Apr lastFri 0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Egypt 1995 2005 - Sep lastThu 24:00 0 -
# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-19):
# The Egyptian Gazette, issue 41,090 (2006-09-18), page 1, reports:
# Egypt will turn back clocks by one hour at the midnight of Thursday
# after observing the daylight saving time since May.
# http://news.gom.com.eg/gazette/pdf/2006/09/18/01.pdf
Rule Egypt 2006 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
# From Dirk Losch (2007-08-14):
# I received a mail from an airline which says that the daylight
# saving time in Egypt will end in the night of 2007-09-06 to 2007-09-07.
# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:]
# http://www.nentjes.info/Bill/bill5.htm
# https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53
# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-04): The official information...:
# http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/Miscellaneous/000002/0207000000000000001580.htm
Rule Egypt 2007 only - Sep Thu>=1 24:00 0 -
# From Abdelrahman Hassan (2007-09-06):
# Due to the Hijri (lunar Islamic calendar) year being 11 days shorter
# than the year of the Gregorian calendar, Ramadan shifts earlier each
# year. This year it will be observed September 13 (September is quite
# hot in Egypt), and the idea is to make fasting easier for workers by
# shifting business hours one hour out of daytime heat. Consequently,
# unless discontinued, next DST may end Thursday 28 August 2008.
# From Paul Eggert (2007-08-17):
# For lack of better info, assume the new rule is last Thursday in August.
# From Petr Machata (2009-04-06):
# The following appeared in Red Hat bugzilla[1] (edited):
#
# > $ zdump -v /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo | grep 2009
# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Apr 23 21:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
# Apr 23
# > 23:59:59 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200
# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Apr 23 22:00:00 2009 UTC = Fri =
# Apr 24
# > 01:00:00 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800
# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Aug 27 20:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
# Aug 27
# > 23:59:59 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800
# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Aug 27 21:00:00 2009 UTC = Thu =
# Aug 27
# > 23:00:00 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200
#
# > end date should be Thu Sep 24 2009 (Last Thursday in September at 23:59=
# :59)
# > http://support.microsoft.com/kb/958729/
#
# timeanddate[2] and another site I've found[3] also support that.
#
# [1] https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263
# [2] https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
# [3] https://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/
# From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-20):
# In 2009 (and for the next several years), Ramadan ends before the fourth
# Thursday in September; Egypt is expected to revert to the last Thursday
# in September.
# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-11):
# We have been able to confirm the August change with the Egyptian Cabinet
# Information and Decision Support Center:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html
#
# The Middle East News Agency
# https://www.mena.org.eg/index.aspx
# also reports "Egypt starts winter time on August 21"
# today in article numbered "71, 11/08/2009 12:25 GMT."
# Only the title above is available without a subscription to their service,
# and can be found by searching for "winter" in their search engine
# (at least today).
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-07-20):
# According to News from Egypt - Al-Masry Al-Youm Egypt's cabinet has
# decided that Daylight Saving Time will not be used in Egypt during
# Ramadan.
#
# Arabic translation:
# "Clocks to go back during Ramadan - and then forward again"
# http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/clocks-go-back-during-ramadan-and-then-forward-again
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt02.html
# From Ahmad El-Dardiry (2014-05-07):
# Egypt is to change back to Daylight system on May 15
# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/100735/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-government-to-reapply-daylight-saving-time-.aspx
# From Gunther Vermier (2014-05-13):
# our Egypt office confirms that the change will be at 15 May "midnight" (24:00)
# From Imed Chihi (2014-06-04):
# We have finally "located" a precise official reference about the DST changes
# in Egypt. The Ministers Cabinet decision is explained at
# http://www.cabinet.gov.eg/Media/CabinetMeetingsDetails.aspx?id=347 ...
# [T]his (Arabic) site is not accessible outside Egypt, but the page ...
# translates into: "With regard to daylight saving time, it is scheduled to
# take effect at exactly twelve o'clock this evening, Thursday, 15 MAY 2014,
# to be suspended by twelve o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 26 JUN 2014,
# and re-established again at the end of the month of Ramadan, at twelve
# o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 31 JUL 2014." This statement has been
# reproduced by other (more accessible) sites[, e.g.,]...
# http://elgornal.net/news/news.aspx?id=4699258
# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-04-08):
# Egypt will start DST on midnight after Thursday, April 30, 2015.
# This is based on a law (no 35) from May 15, 2014 saying it starts the last
# Thursday of April.... Clocks will still be turned back for Ramadan, but
# dates not yet announced....
# http://almogaz.com/news/weird-news/2015/04/05/1947105 ...
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-starts-dst-2015.html
# From Ahmed Nazmy (2015-04-20):
# Egypt's ministers cabinet just announced ... that it will cancel DST at
# least for 2015.
#
# From Tim Parenti (2015-04-20):
# http://english.ahram.org.eg/WriterArticles/NewsContentP/1/128195/Egypt/No-daylight-saving-this-summer-Egypts-prime-minist.aspx
# "Egypt's cabinet agreed on Monday not to switch clocks for daylight saving
# time this summer, and carry out studies on the possibility of canceling the
# practice altogether in future years."
#
# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-24):
# Yesterday the office of Egyptian President El-Sisi announced his
# decision to abandon DST permanently. See Ahram Online 2015-04-24.
# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/128509/Egypt/Politics-/Sisi-cancels-daylight-saving-time-in-Egypt.aspx
# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-04-29):
# Egypt will have DST from July 7 until the end of October....
# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/204655/Egypt/Daylight-savings-time-returning-to-Egypt-on--July.aspx
# From Mina Samuel (2016-07-04):
# Egyptian government took the decision to cancel the DST,
# From Ahmad ElDardiry (2023-03-01):
# Egypt officially announced today that daylight savings will be
# applied from last Friday of April to last Thursday of October.
# From Paul Eggert (2023-03-01):
# Assume transitions are at 00:00 and 24:00 respectively.
# From Amir Adib (2023-03-07):
# https://www.facebook.com/EgyptianCabinet/posts/638829614954129/
Rule Egypt 2008 only - Aug lastThu 24:00 0 -
Rule Egypt 2009 only - Aug 20 24:00 0 -
Rule Egypt 2010 only - Aug 10 24:00 0 -
Rule Egypt 2010 only - Sep 9 24:00 1:00 S
Rule Egypt 2010 only - Sep lastThu 24:00 0 -
Rule Egypt 2014 only - May 15 24:00 1:00 S
Rule Egypt 2014 only - Jun 26 24:00 0 -
Rule Egypt 2014 only - Jul 31 24:00 1:00 S
Rule Egypt 2014 only - Sep lastThu 24:00 0 -
Rule Egypt 2023 max - Apr lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Egypt 2023 max - Oct lastThu 24:00 0 -
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
#STDOFF 2:05:08.9
Zone Africa/Cairo 2:05:09 - LMT 1900 Oct
2:00 Egypt EE%sT
# Guinea-Bissau
#
# From Tim Parenti (2024-07-01), per Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
# For timestamps before independence, see commentary for Europe/Lisbon.
#
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Bissau -1:02:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 1:00u
-1:00 - %z 1975
0:00 - GMT
# Comoros
# Djibouti
# Eritrea
# Ethiopia
# Kenya
# Madagascar
# Mayotte
# Somalia
# Tanzania
# Uganda
# From P Chan (2020-10-24):
#
# The standard time of GMT+2:30 was adopted in the East Africa Protectorate....
# [The Official Gazette, 1908-05-01, p 274]
# https://books.google.com/books?id=e-cAC-sjPSEC&pg=PA274
#
# At midnight on 30 June 1928 the clocks throughout Kenya was put forward
# half an hour by the Alteration of Time Ordinance, 1928.
# https://gazettes.africa/archive/ke/1928/ke-government-gazette-dated-1928-05-11-no-28.pdf
# [Ordinance No. 11 of 1928, The Official Gazette, 1928-06-26, p 813]
# https://books.google.com/books?id=2S0S6os32ZUC&pg=PA813
#
# The 1928 ordinance was repealed by the Alteration of Time (repeal) Ordinance,
# 1929 and the time was restored to GMT+2:30 at midnight on 4 January 1930.
# [Ordinance No. 97 of 1929, The Official Gazette, 1929-12-31, p 2701]
# https://books.google.com/books?id=_g18jIZQlwwC&pg=PA2701
#
# The Alteration of Time Ordinance, 1936 changed the time to GMT+2:45
# and repealed the previous ordinance at midnight on 31 December 1936.
# [The Official Gazette, 1936-07-21, p 705]
# https://books.google.com/books?id=K7j41z0aC5wC&pg=PA705
#
# The Defence (Amendment of Laws No. 120) Regulations changed the time
# to GMT+3 at midnight on 31 July 1942.
# [Kenya Official Gazette Supplement No. 32, 1942-07-21, p 331]
# https://books.google.com/books?hl=zh-TW&id=c_E-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA331
# The provision of the 1936 ordinance was not repealed and was later
# incorporated in the Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance in 1948.
# Although it was overridden by the 1942 regulations.
# [The Laws of Kenya in force on 1948-09-21, Title I, Chapter 1, 31]
# https://dds.crl.edu/item/217517 (p.101)
# In 1950 the Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance was amended to adopt
# GMT+3 permanently as the 1942 regulations were due to expire on 10 December.
# https://books.google.com/books?id=jvR8mUDAwR0C&pg=PA787
# [Ordinance No. 44 of 1950, Kenya Ordinances 1950, Vol. XXIX, p 294]
# https://books.google.com/books?id=-_dQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA294
# From Paul Eggert (2020-10-24):
# The 1908-05-01 announcement does not give an effective date,
# so just say "1908 May".
# From Paul Eggert (2018-09-11):
# Unfortunately tzdb records only Western clock time in use in Ethiopia,
# as the tzdb format is not up to properly recording a common Ethiopian
# timekeeping practice that is based on solar time. See:
# Mortada D. If you have a meeting in Ethiopia, you'd better double
# check the time. PRI's The World. 2015-01-30 15:15 -05.
# https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-01-30/if-you-have-meeting-ethiopia-you-better-double-check-time
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Nairobi 2:27:16 - LMT 1908 May
2:30 - %z 1928 Jun 30 24:00
3:00 - EAT 1930 Jan 4 24:00
2:30 - %z 1936 Dec 31 24:00
2:45 - %z 1942 Jul 31 24:00
3:00 - EAT
# Liberia
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-03-02):
#
# The Nautical Almanac for the Year 1970, p 264, is the source for -0:44:30.
#
# In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch from a UT offset
# that was not a multiple of 15 or 20 minutes. The 1972 change was on
# 1972-01-07, according to an entry dated 1972-01-04 on p 330 of:
# Presidential Papers: First year of the administration of
# President William R. Tolbert, Jr., July 23, 1971-July 31, 1972.
# Monrovia: Executive Mansion.
#
# Use the abbreviation "MMT" before 1972, as the more accurate numeric
# abbreviation "-004430" would be one byte over the POSIX limit.
#
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Monrovia -0:43:08 - LMT 1882
-0:43:08 - MMT 1919 Mar # Monrovia Mean Time
-0:44:30 - MMT 1972 Jan 7 # approximately MMT
0:00 - GMT
###############################################################################
# Libya
# From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):
# Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.
# https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
# Here is an official source [in Arabic]: http://ls.ly/fb6Yc
#
# Steffen Thorsen forwarded a translation (2012-11-10) in
# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
#
# From Tim Parenti (2012-11-11):
# Treat the 2012-11-10 change as a zone change from UTC+2 to UTC+1.
# The DST rules planned for 2013 and onward roughly mirror those of Europe
# (either two days before them or five days after them, so as to fall on
# lastFri instead of lastSun).
# From Even Scharning (2013-10-25):
# The scheduled end of DST in Libya on Friday, October 25, 2013 was
# cancelled yesterday....
# https://www.libyaherald.com/2013/10/24/correction-no-time-change-tomorrow/
#
# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-25):
# For now, assume they're reverting to the pre-2012 rules of permanent UT +02.
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Libya 1951 only - Oct 14 2:00 1:00 S
Rule Libya 1952 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Libya 1953 only - Oct 9 2:00 1:00 S
Rule Libya 1954 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Libya 1955 only - Sep 30 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Libya 1956 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Libya 1982 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Libya 1982 1985 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Libya 1985 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Libya 1986 only - Apr 4 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Libya 1986 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
Rule Libya 1987 1989 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Libya 1987 1989 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Libya 1997 only - Apr 4 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Libya 1997 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
Rule Libya 2013 only - Mar lastFri 1:00 1:00 S
Rule Libya 2013 only - Oct lastFri 2:00 0 -
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Tripoli 0:52:44 - LMT 1920
1:00 Libya CE%sT 1959
2:00 - EET 1982
1:00 Libya CE%sT 1990 May 4
# The 1996 and 1997 entries are from Shanks & Pottenger;
# the IATA SSIM data entries contain some obvious errors.
2:00 - EET 1996 Sep 30
1:00 Libya CE%sT 1997 Oct 4
2:00 - EET 2012 Nov 10 2:00
1:00 Libya CE%sT 2013 Oct 25 2:00
2:00 - EET
# Mauritius
# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-06-25):
# Mauritius plans to observe DST from 2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31 on a trial
# basis....
# It seems that Mauritius observed daylight saving time from 1982-10-10 to
# 1983-03-20 as well, but that was not successful....
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-daylight-saving-time.html
# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-25):
# http://economicdevelopment.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=0a7cee8b5d69a110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
# From Arthur David Olson (2008-06-30):
# The www.timeanddate.com article cited by Steffen Thorsen notes that "A
# final decision has yet to be made on the times that daylight saving
# would begin and end on these dates." As a place holder, use midnight.
# From Paul Eggert (2008-06-30):
# Follow Thorsen on DST in 1982/1983, instead of Shanks & Pottenger.
# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-07-10):
# According to
# http://www.lexpress.mu/display_article.php?news_id=111216
# (in French), Mauritius will start and end their DST a few days earlier
# than previously announced (2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31). The new start
# date is 2008-10-26 at 02:00 and the new end date is 2009-03-27 (no time
# given, but it is probably at either 2 or 3 wall clock time).
#
# A little strange though, since the article says that they moved the date
# to align itself with Europe and USA which also change time on that date,
# but that means they have not paid attention to what happened in
# USA/Canada last year (DST ends first Sunday in November). I also wonder
# why that they end on a Friday, instead of aligning with Europe which
# changes two days later.
# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-07-11):
# Seems that English language article "The revival of daylight saving
# time: Energy conservation?"- No. 16578 (07/11/2008) was originally
# published on Monday, June 30, 2008...
#
# I guess that article in French "Le gouvernement avance l'introduction
# de l'heure d'été" stating that DST in Mauritius starting on October 26
# and ending on March 27, 2009 is the most recent one....
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_mauritius02.html
# From Riad M. Hossen Ally (2008-08-03):
# The Government of Mauritius weblink
# http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/pmosite/menuitem.4ca0efdee47462e7440a600248a521ca/?content_id=4728ca68b2a5b110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
# Cabinet Decision of July 18th, 2008 states as follows:
#
# 4. ...Cabinet has agreed to the introduction into the National Assembly
# of the Time Bill which provides for the introduction of summer time in
# Mauritius. The summer time period which will be of one hour ahead of
# the standard time, will be aligned with that in Europe and the United
# States of America. It will start at two o'clock in the morning on the
# last Sunday of October and will end at two o'clock in the morning on
# the last Sunday of March the following year. The summer time for the
# year 2008-2009 will, therefore, be effective as from 26 October 2008
# and end on 29 March 2009.
# From Ed Maste (2008-10-07):
# THE TIME BILL (No. XXVII of 2008) Explanatory Memorandum states the
# beginning / ending of summer time is 2 o'clock standard time in the
# morning of the last Sunday of October / last Sunday of March.
# http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/assemblysite/file/bill2708.pdf
# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-05):
# According to several sources, Mauritius will not continue to observe
# DST the coming summer...
#
# Some sources, in French:
# http://www.defimedia.info/news/946/Rashid-Beebeejaun-:-«-L%E2%80%99heure-d%E2%80%99été-ne-sera-pas-appliquée-cette-année-»
# http://lexpress.mu/Story/3398~Beebeejaun---Les-objectifs-d-économie-d-énergie-de-l-heure-d-été-ont-été-atteints-
#
# Our wrap-up:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html
# From Arthur David Olson (2009-07-11):
# The "mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat" wrapup includes this:
# "The trial ended on March 29, 2009, when the clocks moved back by one hour
# at 2am (or 02:00) local time..."
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Mauritius 1982 only - Oct 10 0:00 1:00 -
Rule Mauritius 1983 only - Mar 21 0:00 0 -
Rule Mauritius 2008 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
Rule Mauritius 2009 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Indian/Mauritius 3:50:00 - LMT 1907 # Port Louis
4:00 Mauritius %z
# Agalega Is, Rodriguez
# no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius
# Morocco
# See Africa/Ceuta for Spanish Morocco.
# From Paul Eggert (2026-06-26):
# In “Morocco’s GMT+1, a century of shifting time and a debate far from over”
# https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/191310/morocco-s-gmt1-century-shifting-time
# (2026-03-30), Yabiladi’s Latifa Babas reports the following:
# * A 1913-10-26 royal dahir established GMT as legal time in Morocco.
# * A 1918-05-10 dahir instituted DST on 1918-05-16 at 00:00.
# * A September 1939 dahir restarted DST on 1939-09-12.
# * A February 1940 dahir restarted DST as early as 1940-02-25.
# * Standard time resumed in September 1946.
# * A June 1950 decree restarted DST, which ran until as late as October.
# * Royal decree 455-67 (1967-06-02) restarted DST on June 3 at noon.
# * After 1967 Morocco used DST “during several summers, particularly
# throughout the 1970s and 1980s.”
# Babas consulted official records that disagree with and are surely
# more correct than our pre-2008 timestamp data, which came from the
# unreliable Shanks & Pottenger. Unfortunately, Babas did not provide
# enough detail to correct our data.
# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
# Here is an article that Morocco plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time between
# 1 June, 2008 and 27 September, 2008.
#
# "... Morocco is to save energy by adjusting its clock during summer so it will
# be one hour ahead of GMT between 1 June and 27 September, according to
# Communication Minister and Government Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
#
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
# http://en.afrik.com/news11892.html
# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
# The Morocco time change can be confirmed on Morocco web site Maghreb Arabe
# Presse:
# http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/box3/morocco_shifts_to_da/view
#
# Morocco shifts to daylight time on June 1st through September 27, Govt.
# spokesman.
# From Patrice Scattolin (2008-05-09):
# According to this article:
# https://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/heure-dete-comment-a127896.html
# (and republished here: <http://www.actu.ma/heure-dete-comment_i127896_0.html>)
# the changes occur at midnight:
#
# Saturday night May 31st at midnight (which in French is to be
# interpreted as the night between Saturday and Sunday)
# Sunday night the 28th at midnight
#
# Seeing that the 28th is Monday, I am guessing that she intends to say
# the midnight of the 28th which is the midnight between Sunday and
# Monday, which jives with other sources that say that it's inclusive
# June 1st to Sept 27th.
#
# The decision was taken by decree *2-08-224 *but I can't find the decree
# published on the web.
#
# It's also confirmed here:
# http://www.maroc.ma/NR/exeres/FACF141F-D910-44B0-B7FA-6E03733425D1.htm
# on a government portal as being between June 1st and Sept 27th (not yet
# posted in English).
#
# The following Google query will generate many relevant hits:
# https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Conseil+de+gouvernement+maroc+heure+avance&btnG=Search
# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-27):
# Morocco will change the clocks back on the midnight between August 31
# and September 1. They originally planned to observe DST to near the end
# of September:
#
# One article about it (in French):
# http://www.menara.ma/fr/Actualites/Maroc/Societe/ci.retour_a_l_heure_gmt_a_partir_du_dimanche_31_aout_a_minuit_officiel_.default
#
# We have some further details posted here:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-ends-dst-early-2008.html
# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-17):
# Morocco will observe DST from 2009-06-01 00:00 to 2009-08-21 00:00 according
# to many sources, such as
# http://news.marweb.com/morocco/entertainment/morocco-daylight-saving.html
# http://www.medi1sat.ma/fr/depeche.aspx?idp=2312
# (French)
#
# Our summary:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2009.html
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
# Here is a link to official document from Royaume du Maroc Premier Ministre,
# Ministère de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics
#
# Under Article 1 of Royal Decree No. 455-67 of Act 23 safar 1387 (2 June 1967)
# concerning the amendment of the legal time, the Ministry of Modernization of
# Public Sectors announced that the official time in the Kingdom will be
# advanced 60 minutes from Sunday 31 May 2009 at midnight.
#
# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/francais/Actualites_fr/PDF_Actualites_Fr/HeureEte_FR.pdf
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco03.html
# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-04-13):
# Several news media in Morocco report that the Ministry of Modernization
# of Public Sectors has announced that Morocco will have DST from
# 2010-05-02 to 2010-08-08.
#
# Example:
# http://www.lavieeco.com/actualites/4099-le-maroc-passera-a-l-heure-d-ete-gmt1-le-2-mai.html
# (French)
# Our page:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2010.html
# From Dan Abitol (2011-03-30):
# ...Rules for Africa/Casablanca are the following (24h format)
# The 3rd April 2011 at 00:00:00, [it] will be 3rd April 01:00:00
# The 31st July 2011 at 00:59:59, [it] will be 31st July 00:00:00
# ...Official links of change in morocco
# The change was broadcast on the FM Radio
# I ve called ANRT (telecom regulations in Morocco) at
# +212.537.71.84.00
# http://www.anrt.net.ma/fr/
# They said that
# http://www.map.ma/fr/sections/accueil/l_heure_legale_au_ma/view
# is the official publication to look at.
# They said that the decision was already taken.
#
# More articles in the press
# https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-leve.html
# http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Express/Article.asp?id=148923
# http://www.lavieeco.com/actualite/Le-Maroc-passe-sur-GMT+1-a-partir-de-dim
# From Petr Machata (2011-03-30):
# They have it written in English here:
# http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/home/morocco_to_spring_fo/view
#
# It says there that "Morocco will resume its standard time on July 31,
# 2011 at midnight." Now they don't say whether they mean midnight of
# wall clock time (i.e. 11pm UTC), but that's what I would assume. It has
# also been like that in the past.
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-03-09):
# According to Infomédiaire web site from Morocco (infomediaire.ma),
# on March 9, 2012, (in French) Heure légale:
# Le Maroc adopte officiellement l'heure d'été
# http://www.infomediaire.ma/news/maroc/heure-légale-le-maroc-adopte-officiellement-lheure-dété
# Governing Council adopted draft decree, that Morocco DST starts on
# the last Sunday of March (March 25, 2012) and ends on
# last Sunday of September (September 30, 2012)
# except the month of Ramadan.
# or (brief)
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco06.html
# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-10):
# The infomediaire.ma source indicates that the system is to be in
# effect every year. It gives 03H00 as the "fall back" time of day;
# it lacks a "spring forward" time of day; assume 2:00 XXX.
# Wait on specifying the Ramadan exception for details about
# start date, start time of day, end date, and end time of day XXX.
# From Christophe Tropamer (2012-03-16):
# Seen Morocco change again:
# http://www.le2uminutes.com/actualite.php
# "...à partir du dernier dimanche d'avril et non fins mars,
# comme annoncé précédemment."
# From Milamber Space Network (2012-07-17):
# The official return to GMT is announced by the Moroccan government:
# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288 [in French]
#
# Google translation, lightly edited:
# Back to the standard time of the Kingdom (GMT)
# Pursuant to Decree No. 2-12-126 issued on 26 Jumada (I) 1433 (April 18,
# 2012) and in accordance with the order of Mr. President of the
# Government No. 3-47-12 issued on 24 Sha'ban (11 July 2012), the Ministry
# of Public Service and Administration Modernization announces the return
# of the legal time of the Kingdom (GMT) from Friday, July 20, 2012 until
# Monday, August 20, 2012. So the time will be delayed by 60 minutes from
# 3:00 am Friday, July 20, 2012 and will again be advanced by 60 minutes
# August 20, 2012 from 2:00 am.
# From Paul Eggert (2013-03-06):
# Morocco's daylight-saving transitions due to Ramadan seem to be
# announced a bit in advance. On 2012-07-11 the Moroccan government
# announced that year's Ramadan daylight-saving transitions would be
# 2012-07-20 and 2012-08-20; see
# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288
# From Andrew Paprocki (2013-07-02):
# Morocco announced that the year's Ramadan daylight-savings
# transitions would be 2013-07-07 and 2013-08-10; see:
# http://www.maroc.ma/en/news/morocco-suspends-daylight-saving-time-july-7-aug10
# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-28):
# Morocco extends DST by one month, on very short notice, just 1 day
# before it was going to end. There is a new decree (2.13.781) for
# this, where DST from now on goes from last Sunday of March at 02:00
# to last Sunday of October at 03:00, similar to EU rules. Official
# source (French):
# http://www.maroc.gov.ma/fr/actualites/lhoraire-dete-gmt1-maintenu-jusquau-27-octobre-2013
# Another source (specifying the time for start and end in the decree):
# http://www.lemag.ma/Heure-d-ete-au-Maroc-jusqu-au-27-octobre_a75620.html
# From Sebastien Willemijns (2014-03-18):
# http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2014/3/18/maroc-heure-dete-avancez-tous-horloges-247891.asp
# From Milamber Space Network (2014-06-05):
# The Moroccan government has recently announced that the country will return
# to standard time at 03:00 on Saturday, June 28, 2014 local time.... DST
# will resume again at 02:00 on Saturday, August 2, 2014....
# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=586
# From Milamber (2015-06-08):
# (Google Translation) The hour will thus be delayed 60 minutes
# Sunday, June 14 at 3:00, the ministry said in a statement, adding
# that the time will be advanced again 60 minutes Sunday, July 19,
# 2015 at 2:00. The move comes under 2.12.126 Decree of 26 Jumada I
# 1433 (18 April 2012) and the decision of the Head of Government of
# 16 N. 3-29-15 Chaaban 1435 (4 June 2015).
# Source (french):
# https://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/
#
# From Milamber (2015-06-09):
# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=863
#
# From Michael Deckers (2015-06-09):
# [The gov.ma announcement] would (probably) make the switch on 2015-07-19 go
# from 03:00 to 04:00 rather than from 02:00 to 03:00, as in the patch....
# I think the patch is correct and the quoted text is wrong; the text in
# <https://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/> agrees
# with the patch.
# From Mohamed Essedik Najd (2018-10-26):
# Today, a Moroccan government council approved the perpetual addition
# of 60 minutes to the regular Moroccan timezone.
# From Matt Johnson (2018-10-28):
# http://www.sgg.gov.ma/Portals/1/BO/2018/BO_6720-bis_Ar.pdf
#
# From Maamar Abdelkader (2018-11-01):
# We usually move clocks back the previous week end and come back to the +1
# the week end after.... The government does not announce yet the decision
# about this temporary change. But it s 99% sure that it will be the case,
# as in previous years. An unofficial survey was done these days, showing
# that 64% of asked people are ok for moving from +1 to +0 during Ramadan.
# https://leconomiste.com/article/1035870-enquete-l-economiste-sunergia-64-des-marocains-plebiscitent-le-gmt-pendant-ramadan
# From Naoufal Semlali (2019-04-16):
# Morocco will be on GMT starting from Sunday, May 5th 2019 at 3am.
# The switch to GMT+1 will occur on Sunday, June 9th 2019 at 2am....
# http://fr.le360.ma/societe/voici-la-date-du-retour-a-lheure-legale-au-maroc-188222
# From Semlali Naoufal (2020-04-14):
# Following the announcement by the Moroccan government, the switch to
# GMT time will take place on Sunday, April 19, 2020 from 3 a.m. and
# the return to GMT+1 time will take place on Sunday, May 31, 2020 at 2 a.m....
# https://maroc-diplomatique.net/maroc-le-retour-a-lheure-gmt-est-prevu-dimanche-prochain/
# http://aujourdhui.ma/actualite/gmt1-retour-a-lheure-normale-dimanche-prochain-1
#
# From Milamber (2020-05-31)
# In Morocco (where I live), the end of Ramadan (Arabic month) is followed by
# the Eid al-Fitr, and concretely it's 1 or 2 day offs for the people (with
# traditional visiting of family, big lunches/dinners, etc.). So for this
# year the astronomical calculations don't include the following 2 days off in
# the calc. These 2 days fall in a Sunday/Monday, so it's not acceptable by
# people to have a time shift during these 2 days off. Perhaps you can modify
# the (predicted) rules for next years: if the end of Ramadan is a (probable)
# Friday or Saturday (and so the 2 days off are on a weekend), the next time
# shift will be the next weekend.
#
# From Milamber (2021-03-31, 2022-03-10):
# https://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=2076
# https://www.ecoactu.ma/horaires-administration-ramadan-gmtheure-gmt-a-partir-de-dimanche-27-mars/
#
# From Milamber (2023-03-14, 2023-03-15):
# The return to legal GMT time will take place this Sunday, March 19 at 3 a.m.
# ... the return to GMT+1 will be made on Sunday April 23, 2023 at 2 a.m.
# https://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites/passage-à-l%E2%80%99heure-gmt-à-partir-du-dimanche-19-mars-2023
# From Paul Eggert (2026-06-25):
# https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/06/325034/confirmed-morocco-to-restore-gmt-on-september-20-ending-eight-year-gmt1-saga/
# Today the Moroccan government adopted Decree No. 2.26.530, which abrogates
# the 2018 decree that put it at +01 with daylight saving during Ramadan.
# The plan is to go back to +00 without DST on 2026-09-20 at 02:00.
# From Anass Taghjichte (2026-07-03):
# https://www.sgg.gov.ma/BO/AR/3111/2026/BO_7521_Ar.pdf
# From Afaf EL MAAYATI (2026-07-06):
# https://www.mapexpress.ma/actualite/activite-gouvernementale/conseil-gouvernement-approuve-projet-decret-relatif-au-retour-lheure-legale/
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Morocco 1939 only - Sep 12 0:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 1939 only - Nov 19 0:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 1940 only - Feb 25 0:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 1945 only - Nov 18 0:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 1950 only - Jun 11 0:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 1950 only - Oct 29 0:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2008 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2008 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2009 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2009 only - Aug 21 0:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2010 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2010 only - Aug 8 0:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2011 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2011 only - Jul 31 0:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2012 2013 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2012 only - Jul 20 3:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2012 only - Aug 20 2:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2012 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2013 only - Jul 7 3:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2013 only - Aug 10 2:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2013 2018 - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2014 2018 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2014 only - Jun 28 3:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2014 only - Aug 2 2:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2015 only - Jun 14 3:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2015 only - Jul 19 2:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2016 only - Jun 5 3:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2016 only - Jul 10 2:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2017 only - May 21 3:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2017 only - Jul 2 2:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2018 only - May 13 3:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2018 only - Jun 17 2:00 1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2019 only - May 5 3:00 -1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2019 only - Jun 9 2:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2020 only - Apr 19 3:00 -1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2020 only - May 31 2:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2021 only - Apr 11 3:00 -1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2021 only - May 16 2:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2022 only - Mar 27 3:00 -1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2022 only - May 8 2:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2023 only - Mar 19 3:00 -1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2023 only - Apr 23 2:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2024 only - Mar 10 3:00 -1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2024 only - Apr 14 2:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2025 only - Feb 23 3:00 -1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2025 only - Apr 6 2:00 0 -
Rule Morocco 2026 only - Feb 15 3:00 -1:00 -
Rule Morocco 2026 only - Mar 22 2:00 0 -
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Casablanca -0:30:20 - LMT 1913 Oct 26
0:00 Morocco %z 1984 Mar 16
1:00 - %z 1986
0:00 Morocco %z 2018 Oct 28 3:00
1:00 Morocco %z 2026 Sep 20 2:00
0:00 - %z
# Western Sahara
#
# From Gwillim Law (2013-10-22):
# A correspondent who is usually well informed about time zone matters
# ... says that Western Sahara observes daylight saving time, just as
# Morocco does.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-23):
# Assume that this has been true since Western Sahara switched to GMT,
# since most of it was then controlled by Morocco.
Zone Africa/El_Aaiun -0:52:48 - LMT 1934 Jan # El Aaiún
-1:00 - %z 1976 Apr 14
0:00 Morocco %z 2018 Oct 28 3:00
1:00 Morocco %z 2026 Sep 20 2:00
0:00 - %z
# Botswana
# Burundi
# Democratic Republic of the Congo (eastern)
# Malawi
# Mozambique
# Rwanda
# Zambia
# Zimbabwe
#
# From Tim Parenti (2024-07-01):
# For timestamps before Mozambique's independence, see commentary for
# Europe/Lisbon.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2024-05-24):
# The London Gazette, 1903-04-03, page 2245, says that
# as of 1903-03-03 a time ball at the port of Lourenço Marques
# (as Maputo was then called) was dropped daily at 13:00:00 LMT,
# corresponding to 22:49:41.7 GMT, so local time was +02:10:18.3.
# Conversely, the newspaper South Africa, 1909-02-09, page 321,
# says the port had just installed an apparatus that communicated
# "from the controlling clock in the new Observatory at Reuben Point ...
# exact mean South African time, i.e., 30 deg., or 2 hours East of Greenwich".
# Although Shanks gives 1903-03-01 for the transition to CAT,
# evidently the port transitioned to CAT after 1903-03-03 but before
# the Portuguese legal transition of 1912-01-01 (see Europe/Lisbon commentary).
# For lack of better info, list 1909 as the transition date.
#
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
#STDOFF 2:10:18.3
Zone Africa/Maputo 2:10:18 - LMT 1909
2:00 - CAT
# Namibia
# From Arthur David Olson (2017-08-09):
# The text of the "Namibia Time Act, 1994" is available online at
# www.lac.org.na/laws/1994/811.pdf
# and includes this nugget:
# Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (2) of section 1, the
# first winter period after the commencement of this Act shall
# commence at OOhOO on Monday 21 March 1994 and shall end at 02h00 on
# Sunday 4 September 1994.
# From Michael Deckers (2017-04-06):
# ... both summer and winter time are called "standard"
# (which differs from the use in Ireland) ...
# From Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30):
# http://allafrica.com/stories/200703300178.html
# While the entire country changes its time, Katima Mulilo and other
# settlements in Caprivi unofficially will not because the sun there
# rises and sets earlier compared to other regions. Chief of
# Forecasting Riaan van Zyl explained that the far eastern parts of
# the country are close to 40 minutes earlier in sunrise than the rest
# of the country.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-22):
# Although the Zambezi Region (formerly known as Caprivi) informally
# observes Botswana time, we have no details about historical practice.
# In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
# See: Immanuel S. The Namibian. 2017-02-23.
# https://www.namibian.com.na/51480/read/Time-change-divides-lawmakers
# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-08-09):
# Namibia is going to change their time zone to what is now their DST:
# https://www.newera.com.na/2017/02/23/namibias-winter-time-might-be-repealed/
# This video is from the government decision:
# https://www.nbc.na/news/na-passes-namibia-time-bill-repealing-1994-namibia-time-act.8665
# We have made the assumption so far that they will change their time zone at
# the same time they would normally start DST, the first Sunday in September:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/namibia-new-time-zone.html
# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-09):
# Before the change, summer and winter time were both standard time legally.
# However in common parlance, winter time was considered to be DST. See, e.g.:
# http://www.nbc.na/news/namibias-winter-time-could-be-scrapped.2706
# https://zone.my.na/news/times-are-changing-in-namibia
# https://www.newera.com.na/2017/02/23/namibias-winter-time-might-be-repealed/
# Use plain "WAT" and "CAT" for the time zone abbreviations, to be compatible
# with Namibia's neighbors.
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
Rule Namibia 1994 only - Mar 21 0:00 -1:00 WAT
Rule Namibia 1994 2017 - Sep Sun>=1 2:00 0 CAT
Rule Namibia 1995 2017 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 -1:00 WAT
# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
#Rule Namibia 1994 only - Mar 21 0:00 0 WAT
#Rule Namibia 1994 2017 - Sep Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 CAT
#Rule Namibia 1995 2017 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 WAT
# End of rearguard section.
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Windhoek 1:08:24 - LMT 1892 Feb 8
1:30 - %z 1903 Mar
2:00 - SAST 1942 Sep 20 2:00
2:00 1:00 SAST 1943 Mar 21 2:00
2:00 - SAST 1990 Mar 21 # independence
# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
2:00 Namibia %s
# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
# 2:00 - CAT 1994 Mar 21 0:00
# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-07):
# The official date of the 2017 rule change was 2017-10-24. See:
# http://www.lac.org.na/laws/annoSTAT/Namibian%20Time%20Act%209%20of%202017.pdf
# 1:00 Namibia %s 2017 Oct 24
# 2:00 - CAT
# End of rearguard section.
# Angola
# Benin
# Cameroon
# Central African Republic
# Democratic Republic of the Congo (western)
# Republic of the Congo
# Equatorial Guinea
# Gabon
# Niger
# Nigeria
# From P Chan (2020-12-03):
# GMT was adopted as the standard time of Lagos on 1905-07-01.
# Lagos Weekly Record, 1905-06-24, p 3
# http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/31558#?c=0&m=668&s=0&cv=2&r=0&xywh=1446,5221,1931,1235
# says "It is officially notified that on and after the 1st of July 1905
# Greenwich Mean Solar Time will be adopted throughout the Colony and
# Protectorate, and that it will be necessary to put all clocks 13 minutes and
# 35 seconds back, recording local mean time."
#
# It seemed that Lagos returned to LMT on 1908-07-01.
# [The Lagos Standard], 1908-07-01, p 5
# http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/31556#?c=0&m=78&s=0&cv=4&r=0&xywh=-92,3590,3944,2523
# says "Scarcely have the people become accustomed to this new time, when
# another official notice has now appeared announcing that from and after the
# 1st July next, return will be made to local mean time."
#
# From P Chan (2020-11-27):
# On 1914-01-01, standard time of GMT+0:30 was adopted for the unified Nigeria.
# Colonial Reports - Annual. No. 878. Nigeria. Report for 1914. (April 1916),
# p 27
# https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/3064634/3064634_1914/3064634_1914_opt.pdf#page=27
# "On January 1st [1914], a universal standard time for Nigeria was adopted,
# viz., half an hour fast on Greenwich mean time, corresponding to the meridian
# 7° 30' E. long."
# Lloyd's Register of Shipping (1915) says "Hitherto the time observed in Lagos
# was the local mean time. On 1st January, 1914, standard time for the whole of
# Nigeria was introduced ... Lagos time has been advanced about 16 minutes
# accordingly."
#
# In 1919, standard time was changed to GMT+1.
# Interpretation Ordinance (Cap 2)
# The Laws of Nigeria, Containing the Ordinances of Nigeria, in Force on the
# 1st Day of January, 1923, Vol.I [p 16]
# https://books.google.com/books?id=BOMrAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA16
# "The expression 'Standard time' means standard time as used in Nigeria:
# namely, 60 minutes in advance of Greenwich mean time. (As amended by 18 of
# 1919, s. 2.)"
# From Tim Parenti (2020-12-10):
# The Lagos Weekly Record, 1919-09-20, p 3 details discussion on the first
# reading of this Bill by the Legislative Council of the Colony of Nigeria on
# Thursday 1919-08-28:
# http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/31558?terms&item_id=303484#?m=1118&c=1&s=0&cv=2&r=0&xywh=1261,3408,2994,1915
# "The proposal is that the Globe should be divided into twelve zones East and
# West of Greenwich, of one hour each, Nigeria falling into the zone with a
# standard of one hour fast on Greenwich Mean Time. Nigeria standard time is
# now 30 minutes in advance of Greenwich Mean Time ... according to the new
# proposal, standard time will be advanced another 30 minutes". It was further
# proposed that the firing of the time guns likewise be adjusted by 30 minutes
# to compensate.
# From Tim Parenti (2020-12-10), per P Chan (2020-12-11):
# The text of Ordinance 18 of 1919, published in Nigeria Gazette, Vol 6, No 52,
# shows that the change was assented to the following day and took effect "on
# the 1st day of September, 1919."
# Nigeria Gazette and Supplements 1919 Jan-Dec, Reference: 73266B-40,
# img 245-246
# https://microform.digital/boa/collections/77/volumes/539/nigeria-lagos-1887-1919
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Lagos 0:13:35 - LMT 1905 Jul 1
0:00 - GMT 1908 Jul 1
0:13:35 - LMT 1914 Jan 1
0:30 - %z 1919 Sep 1
1:00 - WAT
# São Tomé and Príncipe
# See Europe/Lisbon for info about the 1912 transition.
# From Steffen Thorsen (2018-01-08):
# Multiple sources tell that São Tomé changed from UTC to UTC+1 as
# they entered the year 2018.
# From Michael Deckers (2018-01-08):
# the switch is from 01:00 to 02:00 ... [Decree No. 25/2017]
# http://www.mnec.gov.st/index.php/publicacoes/documentos/file/90-decreto-lei-n-25-2017
# From Vadim Nasardinov (2018-12-29):
# São Tomé and Príncipe is about to do the following on Jan 1, 2019:
# https://www.stp-press.st/2018/12/05/governo-jesus-ja-decidiu-repor-hora-legal-sao-tomense/
#
# From Michael Deckers (2018-12-30):
# https://www.legis-palop.org/download.jsp?idFile=102818
# ... [The legal time of the country, which coincides with universal
# coordinated time, will be reinstituted at 2 o'clock on day 1 of January, 2019.]
Zone Africa/Sao_Tome 0:26:56 - LMT 1884
#STDOFF -0:36:44.68
-0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 00:00u # Lisbon MT
0:00 - GMT 2018 Jan 1 01:00
1:00 - WAT 2019 Jan 1 02:00
0:00 - GMT
# Eswatini (Swaziland)
# Lesotho
# South Africa
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule SA 1942 1943 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 -
Rule SA 1943 1944 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 - LMT 1892 Feb 8
1:30 - SAST 1903 Mar
2:00 SA SAST
#
# Marion and Prince Edward Is
# scientific station since 1947
# no information
# Sudan
# From <http://www.sunanews.net/sn13jane.html>
# Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13),
# also reported by Michaël De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
# Clocks will be moved ahead for 60 minutes all over the Sudan as of noon
# Saturday.... This was announced Thursday by Caretaker State Minister for
# Manpower Abdul-Rahman Nur-Eddin.
# From Ahmed Atyya, National Telecommunications Corp. (NTC), Sudan (2017-10-17):
# ... the Republic of Sudan is going to change the time zone from (GMT+3:00)
# to (GMT+ 2:00) starting from Wednesday 1 November 2017.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
# A scanned copy (in Arabic) of Cabinet Resolution No. 352 for the
# year 2017 can be found as an attachment in email today from Yahia
# Abdalla of NTC, archived at:
# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2017-October/025333.html
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Sudan 1970 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Sudan 1970 1985 - Oct 15 0:00 0 -
Rule Sudan 1971 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Sudan 1972 1985 - Apr lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Khartoum 2:10:08 - LMT 1931
2:00 Sudan CA%sT 2000 Jan 15 12:00
3:00 - EAT 2017 Nov 1
2:00 - CAT
# South Sudan
# From Steffen Thorsen (2021-01-18):
# "South Sudan will change its time zone by setting the clock back 1
# hour on February 1, 2021...."
# from https://eyeradio.org/south-sudan-adopts-new-time-zone-makuei/
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Juba 2:06:28 - LMT 1931
2:00 Sudan CA%sT 2000 Jan 15 12:00
3:00 - EAT 2021 Feb 1 00:00
2:00 - CAT
# Tunisia
# From Gwillim Law (2005-04-30):
# My correspondent, Risto Nykänen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST,
# this time in Tunisia. According to Yahoo France News
# <http://fr.news.yahoo.com/050426/5/4dumk.html>, in a story attributed to AP
# and dated 2005-04-26, "Tunisia has decided to advance its official time by
# one hour, starting on Sunday, May 1. Henceforth, Tunisian time will be
# UTC+2 instead of UTC+1. The change will take place at 23:00 UTC next
# Saturday." (My translation)
#
# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-02):
# La Presse, the first national daily newspaper ...
# http://www.lapresse.tn/archives/archives280405/actualites/lheure.html
# ... DST for 2005: on: Sun May 1 0h standard time, off: Fri Sept. 30,
# 1h standard time.
#
# From Atef Loukil (2006-03-28):
# The daylight saving time will be the same each year:
# Beginning : the last Sunday of March at 02:00
# Ending : the last Sunday of October at 03:00 ...
# http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1188&Itemid=50
# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-16):
# According to several news sources, Tunisia will not observe DST this year.
# (Arabic)
# http://www.elbashayer.com/?page=viewn&nid=42546
# https://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp
#
# We have also confirmed this with the US embassy in Tunisia.
# We have a wrap-up about this on the following page:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tunisia-cancels-dst-2009.html
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
# Here is a link to Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency
#
# Standard time to be kept the whole year long (tap.info.tn):
#
# (in English)
# http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26813&Itemid=157
#
# (in Arabic)
# http://www.tap.info.tn/ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=61240&Itemid=1
# From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-18):
# The Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency notice contains this: "This measure is
# due to the fact that the fasting month of Ramadan coincides with the period
# concerned by summer time. Therefore, the standard time will be kept
# unchanged the whole year long." So foregoing DST seems to be an exception
# (albeit one that may be repeated in the future).
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-27):
# According to some news reports Tunis confirmed not to use DST in 2010
#
# (translation):
# "The Tunisian government has decided to abandon DST, which was scheduled on
# Sunday...
# Tunisian authorities had suspended the DST for the first time last year also
# coincided with the month of Ramadan..."
#
# (in Arabic)
# http://www.moheet.com/show_news.aspx?nid=358861&pg=1
# http://www.almadenahnews.com/newss/news.php?c=118&id=38036
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_tunis02.html
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Tunisia 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Tunisia 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
Rule Tunisia 1940 only - Feb 25 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Tunisia 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 0 -
Rule Tunisia 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Tunisia 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
Rule Tunisia 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
Rule Tunisia 1943 only - Apr 17 2:00 0 -
Rule Tunisia 1943 only - Apr 25 2:00 1:00 S
Rule Tunisia 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
Rule Tunisia 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00 1:00 S
Rule Tunisia 1944 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
Rule Tunisia 1945 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 -
Rule Tunisia 1977 only - Apr 30 0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Tunisia 1977 only - Sep 24 0:00s 0 -
Rule Tunisia 1978 only - May 1 0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Tunisia 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
Rule Tunisia 1988 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Tunisia 1988 1990 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
Rule Tunisia 1989 only - Mar 26 0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Tunisia 1990 only - May 1 0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Tunisia 2005 only - May 1 0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Tunisia 2005 only - Sep 30 1:00s 0 -
Rule Tunisia 2006 2008 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Tunisia 2006 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
# See Europe/Paris commentary for PMT-related transitions.
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Tunis 0:40:44 - LMT 1881 May 12
0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1:00 Tunisia CE%sT
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